Mumbai attacks Essay

INTRODUCTION The day of 26th November, 2008 would have been as usual and pleasant as any other day for Mumbai but the terror attacks by the members of Lashkar-e-Taiba, considered as terrorist organisation by India, who wreaked havoc in the India’s largest city. There were ten gunmen, nine of whom were subsequently shot dead and one captured by security forces. Witnesses reported that they looked to be in their early twenties, wore black t-shirts and jeans, and that they smiled and looked happy as they shot their victims. It was initially reported that some of the attackers were British citizens, but the Indian Government later stated that there was no evidence to confirm this. Similarly, early reports of twelve gunmen were also later shown to be incorrect. On December 9, the ten attackers were identified by Mumbai police, along with their home towns in Pakistan: Ajmal Amir from Faridkot, Abu Ismail Dera Ismail Khan from Dera Ismail Khan, Hafiz Arshad and Babr Imran from Multan, Javed from Okara, Shoaib from Narowal, Nazih and Nasr fromFaisalabad, Abdul Rahman from Arifwalla, and Fahad Ullah from Dipalpur Taluka. Dera Ismail Khan is in the North-West Frontier Province; the rest of the towns are in Pakistani Punjab. Ajmal Kasab was the only attacker captured alive by police and is currently under arrest. Much of the information about the attackers’ preparation, travel, and movements comes from his confessions to the Mumbai police. Mohammed Ajmal Amir Kasab was born on July 13, 1987. He briefly joined his brother in Lahore, who worked as a labourer, and then returned to Faridkot. He left home after a fight with his father in 2005. He had asked for new clothes on Eid, but his father could not provide them, which made him angry. He then became involved in petty crime with his friend Muzaffar Lal Khan, soon moving on to armed robbery. On Dec 21, 2007, Bakr-Eid day, they were in Rawalpindi trying to buy weapons when they encountered members of Jama’at-ud-Da’wah, the political wing of Lashkar-e-Taiba, distributing pamphlets. After a brief chat, they decide to sign up for training with the Lashkar-e-Taiba, ending up at their base camp, Markaz Taiba. According to Deputy Commissioner of Mumbai Police he spoke rough Hindi and barely any  English. Some sources said his father asked him to join the militant group, Lashkar-e-Taiba so that he could use the money they gave him to run the family. When asked ab out this, Ajmal Amir’s father told reporters, â€Å"I don’t sell my sons.† Even David Coleman Headley is charged for scouting the locations for 2008 Mumbai terror attacks by Laskar-e-Taiba. He is alleged by FBI for conspiring to bomb targets in Mumbai, India; providing material support to Lashkar-i-Taiba, a militant Pakistani Islamist group; and aiding and abetting the murder of U.S. citizens. Training Ajmal Amir is alleged to be among a group of 24 men who received training in marine warfare at a remote camp in mountainous Muzaffarabad in Pakistan-administered Kashmir. Part of the training is reported to have taken place on the Mangla Dam reservoir. Zaki-ur-Rehman Lakhvi, a senior commander of the Lashkar-e-Taiba, reportedly offered to pay his family Rs.150,000 for his participation in the attacks. Another report said the 21-year old man was recruited from his Punjab, Pakistan home in part based on a pledge by recruiters to pay USD $1,250 US (Rs. 62,412.50) to his family when he became a martyr. Other sources put the reward to USD $4,000. Stages of training This batch of 25 went through the following stages of training: †¢ Psychological: Indoctrination to Islamist propaganda, including compiled footage of ‘Indian atrocities’ in Jammu & Kashmir, and imagery of the atrocities suffered by Muslims in India, Chechnya, Palestine and across the globe. †¢ Basic Combat: Lashkar’s basic combat and terror methodology course,  the Daura Aam. †¢ Advanced Training: Selected to undergo advanced specialised training at a camp near Mansehra, a course the organisation calls the Daura Khaas. This includes advanced weapons and explosives training supervised by retired personnel of the Pakistan Army, along with survival training and further indoctrination. †¢ Finally, an even smaller group selected for specialised marine commando and navigation training given to the fidayeen unit selected to target Mumbai. From the batch of about 25, 10 were handpicked for the Mumbai mission. They also received training in swimming and sailing, besides the use of high-end weapons and explosives under the supervision of LeT commanders. According to a media report citing an unnamed former Defence Department Official of the US, the intelligence agencies of the US had determined that the former officers from Pakistan’s Army and Inter-Services Intelligence agency assisted actively and continuously in training. They were given blueprints of all the four targets – Taj Mahal Palace & Tower, Oberoi Trident hotel and Nariman House. The type of training which he got completely washed his brain and it was enough to make him think only of destruction and only destruction. Feeling of hatred incited him against India to that level that he only wanted to kill Indians and to destroy India. Pakistanis give these terrorist institutions the name of militant organisations to hide these from the eyes of the world but these are recognised as terrorist groups in India, USA and UK. These institutions give militant training to those individuals who do not have sufficient money and gradually prepare them as a ‘militant terrorist’ in the name of ‘jihad’. ATTACKS Entry into India According to investigations the attackers traveled by sea from Karachi, Pakistan across the Arabian Sea, hijacked the Indian fishing trawler ‘Kuber’, killing the crew of four, and then forced the captain to sail to Mumbai. After killing the captain, the terrorists entered Mumbai on a rubber dinghy. The captain of ‘Kuber’, Amar Singh Solanki, had earlier been imprisoned for six months in a Pakistani jail for illegally fishing in Pakistani waters. The first events were detailed around 20:00 Indian Standard Time (IST) on 26 November, when 10 Urdu-speaking men in inflatable speedboats came ashore at two locations in Colaba. They reportedly told local Marathi-speaking fishermen who asked them who they were to â€Å"mind their own business† before they split up and headed two different ways. The fishermen’s subsequent report to police received little response. Involvement in Attack He was captured on CCTV during his attacks at Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus along with another terrorist, Ismail Khan. Ajmal Amir reportedly told the police that they wanted to replicate theIslamabad Marriott hotel attack, and reduce the Taj Hotel to rubble, replicating the 9/11 attacks in India. Ajmal Amir and his accomplice Abu Dera Ismail Khan, age 25, attacked the Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (formerly Victoria Terminus) railway station. They then moved on to attack a police vehicle (a white Toyota Qualis) at Cama Hospital, in which senior Mumbai police officers (Maharashtra ATS Chief Hemant Karkare, Encounter Specialist Vijay Salaskar and Additional Commissioner of Mumbai Police Ashok Kamte) were traveling. After killing them in a gun battle and taking two constables’ hostage in the Qualis, Ajmal Amir and Ismail Khan drove towards Metro cinema. Ajmal Amir joked about the bullet proof vests worn by the police and killed one constable when his mobile phone rang. They fired some shots into a crowd gathered at Metro Cinema. They then drove towards Vidhan Bhavan where they fired a few more shots. Their vehicle had a tire puncture, so  they stole a silver Ã…  koda Laura and drove towards Girgaum Chowpatty. Earlier, the D B Marg police had got a message from police control at about 10pm, saying that two heavily armed men were at large after gunning down commuters at CST. 15 policemen from D B Marg were sent to Chowpatty where they set up a double barricade on Marine Drive armed with 2 self-loading rifles (SLRs), two revolvers and lathis (or batons). The Skoda reached Chowpatty and halted 40 to 50 feet from the barricade. It then reversed and tried to make a U-turn. A shootout ensued and Abu Ismail was killed. Ajmal lay motionless playing dead. Assistant sub-inspector Tukaram Omble, who was armed only with a lathi(gapp), was killed when the police charged the car. Umbale took five bullets, but held on to Ajmal’s weapon, enabling his colleagues to capture him alive. A mob gathered and attacked the two terrorists. This incident was captured on video. Some reports said that Ajmal Amir was shot and had bullet wounds in his hand or both hands. There are other reports by doctors who treated him that he had no bullet wounds. While it is reported that he told the police that he was trained to â€Å"kill to the last breath†, when he was arrested, he pleaded with the medical staff: â€Å"I do not want to die. Put me on saline†. Later, after interrogation in the hospital by the police, he said: â€Å"Now, I do not want to live†, requesting the interrogators to kill him for the safety of his family in Pakistan who could be killed or tortured for his surrender to Indian police. Fidayeen terrorists are strictly instructed by Lashkar commanders not to be captured and interrogated, use aliases instead of their real names and hide their nationality. He is also quoted as saying â€Å"I have done right, I have no regrets†. Reports also surfaced that the group planned to escape safely after the attack, ruling out this being a suicide mission. It is also reported that he expressed to Indian police his willingness to switch loyalties, saying: â€Å"If you give me regular meals and money I will do the same that I did for them†. Ajmal Amir has told interrogators that right through the fighting, the Lashkar headquarters from Karachi, Pakistan remained in touch with the group, calling their phones through a voice-over-internet service. Investigators have succeeded in reconstructing the group’s journey through the Garmin GPS set that has been seized from him. The mail sent from a bogus group calling itself the Deccan Mujahideen claiming responsibility has been traced to a Russian proxy which was then traced back to Lahore, Pakistan with the help of the FBI. It was in fact the Lashkar-e-Toiba operating under an alternate name after being banned by U.S. Methodology The attackers had planned the attack several months ahead of time and knew some areas well enough for the attackers to vanish, and reappear after security forces had left. Several sources have quoted Kasab telling the police that the group received help from Mumbai residents. The attackers used at least three SIM cards purchased on the Indian side of the border with Bangladesh, pointing to some local collusion. There were also reports of one SIM card purchased in New Jersey, USA. Police had also mentioned that Faheem Ansari, an Indian Lashkar operative who had been arrested in February 2008, had scouted the Mumbai targets for the November attacks. Later, the police arrested two Indian suspects, Mikhtar Ahmad, who is from Srinagar in Kashmir, and Tausif Rehman, a resident of Kolkata. They supplied the SIM cards, one in Calcutta, and the other in New Delhi. Type 86 Grenades made by China’s state-owned Norinco were used in the attacks. Blood tests on the attackers indicate that they had taken cocaine and LSD during the attacks, to sustain their energy and stay awake for 50 hours. Police say that they found syringes on the scenes of the attacks. There were also indications that they had been taking steroids. The gunman who survived said that the attackers had used Google Earth to familiarise themselves with the locations of buildings used in the attacks. DISPUTE ON NATIONALITY Dispute There was a dispute on the matter regarding the issue of nationality of Ajmal Kasab in the court. After the attacks, India asserted that Ajmal was a Pakistani national based on his confession and evidence gathered due to the information provided by him. Several reporters visited the village in Pakistan where Ajmal Amir said his family lived, and verified the facts provided by him. Former Pakistan Prime Minister, Nawaz Sharif confirmed that Ajmal Amir was from Faridkot village in Pakistan, and criticized President Zardari for cordoning off the village and not allowing his parents to meet anyone. Investigative journalist Saeed Shah travelled to Ajmal Amir’s village and produced national identity card numbers of his parents, Mohammed Amir and Noor Elahi soon after they themselves disappeared on the night of December 3, 2008. Also, the Mumbai Police said that much of the information that Ajmal Amir provided had proved to be accurate. He disclosed the location of a fishing trawler, MV Kuber, that the terrorists used to enter Mumbai’s coastal waters. He also told investigators where they would find the ship captain’s body, a satellite phone and a global-positioning device, which they did. Despite mounting evidence, Pakistani officials, including President Asif Ali Zardari, initially denied the assertion that Ajmal Amir was Pakistani. Pakistani government officials attempted to erase evidence that there was a Lashkar-e-Taiba office in Deepalpur, near Kasab’s village. The office was hurriedly closed in the week of December 7. Moreover, at Faridkot many residents and local plainclothes police appeared to be trying to hurriedly cover up Ajmal Amir’s connection with the village. The atmosphere turned hostile, and several reporters who went to Faridkot were roughed up. In early December, dealing a major blow to Pakistan’s claims, Ajmal Amir’s father admitted in an interview that the captured terrorist was his  son. In January 2009, a month after the attacks, Pakistan’s national security advisor Mahmud Ali Durrani admitted to Ajmal Amir being a Pakistani citizen while speaking to the CNN-IBN news channel. The Pakistan Government then hastily acknowledged that Ajmal was a Pakistani, but also announced that Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gilani had fired Durrani for â€Å"failing to take Gilani and other stakeholders into confidence† before making this information public, and for â€Å"a lack of coordination on matters of national security.† This is a satire on the administrative system of Pakistan. Kasab’s confession on Nationality The statement made by the Pakistani minister was contradicted by their own official and even Kasab. Kasab even admitted before the court that he is a Pakistani and belong to Faridkot in Pakistan. Kasab accepted before the trial judge that he was a Pakistani national and told the court that he is fine with government-provided lawyer to defend him. Kasab appeared before special judge M L Tahiliyani via video link from the Arthur Road jail where he is presently lodged in a high security cell giving the media the first glimpse of the surviving terrorist who along with his nine accomplices were involved in the carnage. Tahiliyani asked Kasab to identify himself and asked him where he was from. Kasab replied that he was from Faridkot, in Pakistan’s Punjab province. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS Kasab’s confession Pakistani terrorist Mohammed Ajmal Amir Kasab, in his dramatic confession before a special court Monday, said that he was a decorator by profession but since his income was little, he was attracted to ‘jehad’ (holy war). Through some contacts, he came in touch with the terror group Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) and later underwent training under Zaki-ur-Rehman Lakhvi, Abu Hamza, Abu Kafa and Abu Jhundal, the masterminds of the Nov 26, 2008, Mumbai terror attacks, at a place called Battal in Pakistan. Recounting how he joined terrorism, Kasab said he worked with Haji Sultan as a small-time decorator in Jhelum in Punjab province. It was a month before the Bakr-Eid festival, that co-worker Muzaffar and he spoke of how they were not making enough money from the work. Muzaffar suggested that they could indulge in thefts or dacoity to make more money. While on a visit to Rawalpindi, Kasab had approached some LeT activists whom they located in the Raja market. â€Å"I told them that I wanted to become a ‘jehadi.’ One of them enquired about where we stayed and asked us to bring our belongings there. Another accompanied us with a piece of paper on which Markaz Taiba Murqui was written and gave us some money,† he said. There they met more boys and joined them. After 21 days, Kasab was sent to Mansera, and then to Mankheda Aksa. Later, all the boys were taken to a hilly place called Battal where they were trained to operate pistols, guns, AK-47s and other weapons for 21 days. Later, they were sent to Daura Khaas for three months. Kasab said three people trained them – Abu Ansa, Abu Basheer and Abu Abdul Rehman. From Battal, he travelled to â€Å"Azad Kashmir†, the Pakistan-administered Kashmir, where he met Sayeed. All the boys were taken to another camp and trained for three months by Abu Maviya, Abu Saiful Rehman, Abu Talaah and Abu Sariya. Here they learnt to operate rocket launchers, grenades and other deadly weapons. Later, Kasab said, he was given a week’s break to go home. Upon return, Sayeed, Abu Hamza and Abu Kafa selected some of the boys to go to Kashmir.  They also learnt swimming from Abu Imran and were for a month taken to Karachi, where they were trained to get acclimatised to the sea. They returned to Muzaffarabad in PoK, were given identity cards and clothes which they wore on the day of the Mumbai terror attacks. Kasab and Abu Ismail were the first to get out after landing at Colaba in south Mumbai that evening. They hailed a cab to go to Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (CST), as instructed by Hamza and left one bomb in the taxi and another at CST. After entering the CST, they opened fire as instructed by Hamza; Ismail lobbed grenades inside the station premises and opened fire from his AK-47. The duo continued firing and throwing grenades at regular intervals and continued moving ahead even as the security forces started confronting them and later surrounded them. Seeing little or no retaliation from the stunned police forces that night, the duo decided to take the CST subway, but Ismail beckoned him to go to Platform No. 1 where a train was waiting. They continued moving ahead in the direction of the bridge at the end of the station. They tried to force open some vehicles parked outside in a small lane. They saw a person coming from the opposite direction and Kasab killed him. Ismail started firing ahead and the duo jumped a short wall there and entered one of the wards of Cama Hospital. Ismail asked Kasab to wait at the hospital gate and he went inside, firing and later led him in. As they went inside, Kasab held a person as a shield after the police forces confronted them. They started firing and throwing grenades, outside the main gate they fired at a car and encountered firing from a jeep nearby. They hid behind a bush and later dragged out the limp bodies of three policemen and hijacked the jeep to go towards the Metro cinema junction. It was in Cama Hospital that Kasab and Ismail gunned down Anti-Terrorist Squad (ATS) chief Hemant Karkare and his associate Vijay Salaskar. They also killed another senior police official, Additional Commissioner of Police Ashok Kamte, before hijacking the police jeep. However, they kept moving in circles and by then, the jeep had developed a flat tyre. Kasab was also injured on his right elbow and left wrist and pleaded that he could not do anything more. Ismail urged him on and said that even he had sustained a bullet on his knee. Then they saw a Skoda car, they ordered the passengers – a couple, to stop, forcibly took the keys from them and took the vehicle, blindly following another car as they did not know where to proceed. At a point on the road (Girgaum Chowpatty), they saw a police barricade, and when they were ordered to stop, Ismail attempted to take a u-turn on the road, but failed. The police rushed towards them and dragged out Kasab and hammered him with a baton, snatched his gun and attacked him in the tummy with the butt. Kasab claimed that he did not fire at anyone at that juncture and had lost consciousness. When he revived, he found himself at Nair Hospital, under arrest by the Mumbai police. TRIAL Chargesheet Indian investigators filed a formal 11,000 page Chargesheet against Kasab on 25 February 2009. Due to the fact that the chargesheet was written in Marathi and English, Kasab had requested that an Urdu translation of the charge sheet be given to him. Kasab has been charged with murder, conspiracy and waging war against India along with other crimes. His trial was to have started on April 15 but was put off as his lawyer, Anjali Waghmare, had been dismissed for a conflict of interest. He has gotten a new lawyer named Abbas Kazmi. On 28 April, he wrote a letter through his lawyer to the magistrate  requesting a perfume bottle, a toothpaste, Urdu Times newspaper and permission to walk in the adjacent varandah alongside his barack. He also requested the court to deposit the amount (given to him by the terrorists) seized from him by police into his jail account. Time line of Proceedings On 26 Nov 2008, Ujjwal Nikam was appointed as Public Prosecutor. In Jan 2009, M L Tahiliyani was appointed as judge to conduct the trial. In Feb 2009, an 11,000-page charge sheet was served on Kasab. In Mar 2009, advocate Anjali Waghmare was appointed as Kasab’s lawyer. Kasab appeared through video-conferencing. In Apr 2009, Waghmare was removed as Kasab’s lawyer. Abbas Kazmi was appointed as defence lawyer in mid-April. Trial began on April 17, 2009. On 20 Apr 2009, the prosecution submitted a list of charges, including the murder of 166 people. On 6 May 2009 Kasab pleaded not guilty to 86 charges. In May 2009, an eye witness identified Kasab in court. Another said he saw Kasab and nine others arrive by boat. Two doctors who treated him, identified him. On 2 June 2009, Kasab told the judge he now also understood Marathi. In June 2009, the special court issued non-bailable warrants against 22 absconding accused including Jamaat-ud-Dawa (JuD) chief Hafeez Saeed and chief of operations of Lashkar-e-Toiba, Zaki-ur-Rehman Laqvi. On 20 July 2009 Kasab retracted his non-guilty plea and pleaded guilty to all  charges, but his trial will continue. Visiting US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton said in an interview with Thai publication The Nation during the ASEAN conference in Phuket in July 2009 that had Kasab been educated, he wouldn’t have been a terrorist. On 18 December 2009, Kasab says he is innocent, he was framed and tortured by Indian Police. In a surprising U-turn he claims to have come to Mumbai 20 days ago and was simply roaming at Juhu beach when police arrested him. Details of proceedings Ajmal Amir has written to the Pakistani High Commission in India requesting help and legal aid. In the letter, he confirmed the nationality of himself and the nine slain terrorists as Pakistani. He also asked the Pakistani High Commission to take custody of the body of fellow terrorist Ismail Khan, who was killed in an encounter in south Mumbai on the night of November 26. Pakistani officials confirmed the receipt of the letter and were reported to be studying its details. However, no further updates were given on the matter by Pakistan. Kasab’s trial was delayed due to legal issues, as many Indian lawyers were unwilling to represent him. A Mumbai Bar Association passed a resolution proclaiming that none of its members would represent Kasab. However, the Chief Justice of India stated that Kasab needed a lawyer for a fair trial. A lawyer for Kasab was eventually found, but was replaced due to a conflict of interest. On February 25, 2009, Indian investigators filed an 11,000-page Chargesheet, formally charging Kasab with murder, conspiracy, and waging war against India among other charges. Kasab’s trial began on 6 May 2009. He initially pleaded not guilty, but later admitted his guilt on 20 July 2009. He initially apologized for the attacks and claimed that he deserved the death penalty for his crimes, but later retracted these claims, saying that he had been tortured by police to force his confession, and that he had been arrested while roaming the beach. The court had accepted his plea, but due to the lack of completeness within his admittance, the judge  had deemed that many of the 86 charges were not addressed and therefore the trial will continue. Kasab could, and will almost certainly, be hanged if given the maximum penalty of death. Indian and Pakistani police have exchanged DNA evidence, photographs and items found with the attackers to piece together a detailed portrait of the Mumbai plot. Police in Pakistan have arrested seven people, including Hammad Amin Sadiq, a homeopathic pharmacist, who arranged bank accounts and secured supplies, and he and six others begin their formal trial on 3 Oct 2009 in Pakistan, though Indian authorities say the prosecution stops well short of top Lashkar leaders. In November 2009, Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh said that Pakistan has not done enough to bring the perpetrators of the attacks to justice. On the eve of the first anniversary of 26/11, a Pakistani anti-terror court has formally charged seven accused, including LeT operations commander Zaki ur Rehman Lakhvi. Ujjawal Nikam, public prosecutor in the matter of Kasab, said there was ample evidence to show Kasab and the two arrested accused, Faheem Ansari and Sabauddin Ahmed, were part of the conspiracy hatched in Pakistan to strike terror in the financial capital. He said foreign experts would be examined but their names and addresses should be kept secret. Nikam also said that further investigations in this case were on and supplementary chargesheet would be filed later. Special Public Prosecutor Ujjwal Nikam told the court that Kasab, the prime accused in the case, would be charged with murder of 166 persons in the attack unleashed by Pakistan-based terror outfit LeT on November 26, 2008 here. Although he was not directly involved in killing all 166 persons, Kasab was an active member of conspiracy hatched in Pakistan to commit terror attacks in India, Nikam said in his brief preliminary address to open the case. Kazmi who had earlier defend to 30 accused in the 1993 Mumbai serial bomb blast trial, told the court he was willing to defend Kasab. Nikam said 1,820 witnesses had been cited but only potential among them will be examined. Prosecution would place 750 articles and 1350 documents as  evidence. Nikam told the court that Kasab was directly involved in seven different cases of terror attacks. These pertain to murder of five crew of ‘Kuber’ boat, including its navigator Amar Singh Solanki, bomb blast in a taxi at suburban Vile Parle, firing at Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, Cama Hospital firing attack, killing of three police officers near Cama Hospital and theft of Skoda car and attack on police team near Chowpatty, he said. In all these cases, Kasab was involved with co-conspirator Ismail Khan, who was killed in police encounter near Chowpatty, Nikam alleged. He said there are five other cases in which Kasab has been charged with murder conspiracy, although he had not directly participated in them. These are firing in Hotel Taj Mahal, Hotel Oberoi, Restaurant Leopold Cafe, Nariman House and bomb explosion in a taxi at Mazgaon. The court took on record advocate Ejaz Naqvi as defence counsel for Faheem Ansari and Ahmed. Since Naqvi did not appear in morning session and Faheem sought time to appoint another lawyer, the court asked Faheem’s wife to call Naqvi to the court. Later, he came and told the court that he would continue to defend Faheem. Demanded trial by International Court The alleged gunman in the 2008 bloody siege of Mumbai said he should be tried by an international court because he does not expect justice in India. Mohammed Ajmal Kasab, 21, told a special court that police had falsely implicated him in the case. â€Å"I should be tried in an international court,† he told Judge M.L. Tahiliyani. Earlier Kasab retracted his confession that he sprayed gunfire into a crowd at the railroad station. He also said police tortured him into admitting having a role in the attacks. Kasab also said thathe wanted to call witnesses from Pakistan for his defense, and that he should be allowed to meet Pakistani officials. Witnesses would include a passport officer, he said, without providing other details. The judge asked him to file a petition through his attorney. Kasab could face the death penalty if convicted. Murder and conspiracy to wage war against India are among the charges he faces. Kasab told the judge he came to Mumbai as a tourist and was arrested 20 days before the siege began. On the day the attacks started, Kasab said police took him from his cell because he resembled one of the gunmen. They then shot him to make it look as if he had been involved in the attacks and re-arrested him, Kasab said. ANALYSIS It is mockery of the Indian Judicial System that even the charge is proved on the convict but the trail is going on. In the month of July last year the convict pleaded guilty of all the charges, but the Judge said that the other 86 cases have not been addressed therefore the trial should continue and in the month of September he again told the court that he was forced to plead for guilty by the Indian police. Has anyone think over it that if the verdict would have been given as soon as he pleaded guilty what would happen? Such kinds of questions were raised, and will raise on Indian Judicial System if it will continue to follow such kind of path. The Court should has given its verdict on the basis of the evidences produced by the public, eye witnesses and moreover the acceptance of the charge by the convict. The other matters could have been addressed later on. Even there was news that Kasab giggle over the question asked by the judge and made fun of it. This is a satire on the discipline of the courts. The judge has to order him to  behave in the court. This clearly shows that giving a chance of fair trial to convict made him to perceive as nothing is going to happen to him for the next ten years. People have such kind of mentality towards the Judicial System. If a suit has been filed in a court then the guilty has nothing to do with it for many years. Our Judicial System needs changes. This system has to be discarded and a new system should be introduced. Indian Police is not required to file a charge sheet of 11,000 pages and judges are needed not to give judgements running through thousand of pages. A simple and logical statement is sufficient for the parties involved in it and for the general public as well. In my view this trial of Ajmal Kasab should be finished because there is nothing more to think over it. Otherwise it will lead to expenditure of more and more money of the government on such a heinous criminal, which is of no worth.

An Analysis Of Nitrate Vulnerable Zones Environmental Sciences Essay

Throughout the nineteenth century, H2O resources became limited and the demand on H2O increasing with the over big population, so the universe started looking for new beginnings of H2O and take attention of useless H2O. Groundwater considered as an of import clean H2O beginning although there are polluted and contaminated, but the most of import and toxic dross is nitrate, which can do serious hazards on human wellness. Nitrate concentration have been increasing rapidly in groundwater due to mixture of its beginnings, for illustration: agricultural use where intensifier of fertilisers is used, waste stuff, discharging of chemical waste H2O of several industrial workss on the state countries as shown in figure below ( Reddy and Linm, May 1999 ) such as ; production of fertilisers, explosives, and polyurethane. Figure ( 1 ) : Nitrate Resources.[ 1 ] The largest sum of the nitrate comes from the fertilisers mills, where the mean usage of the fertiliser use in the universe increases yearly ; this makes nitrate H2O pollution, which considered as one of the most serious environmental jobs in developed states. ( OECD, 2005 ) GENERAL IDEA OF NITRATE VULNERABLE ZONES: The countries which has the chance of nitrate pollution, is brought in head by United Kingdom in 1996 to set the maximal content of nitrate in imbibing H2O to be 50 mg/l. It is brought by to forestall H2O resources from the exposure to nitrate pollution as of agricultural beginnings and it were applied in approximately 8 % of the English land to command the sum of the fertilisers required by the husbandmans. ( Barclay and White, 2009 ) In December 2000, the United Kingdom had failed to propose none usage values European tribunal of justness to protect all H2O resources non merely the imbibing H2O. After that, the authorities in England discussed with husbandmans to finish the nitrates instruction execution which was at beginning of 2002. On June 27th the authorities decided to present excess nitrate vulnerable zones in the state. In 2009, some of ordinances came into position and called NITRATE POLLUTION PREVENTION REGULATIONS 2008, which puts into pattern the nitrates direction in England. Today, the nitrate vulnerable zones are applied in 62 % of England countries. ( Defra, environment bureau, April 2009 ) Figure ( 2 ) : The English country using the NVZs in 2010[ 2 ] The environment bureau is the 1 responsible for gauging and taking down notes the husbandmans jobs by fixing unexpected visits to the farms. There are nine Guidance cusps related to the husbandmans when they are using the nitrate vulnerable zones and they are: Summary of the counsel for husbandmans in nitrate vulnerable zones. Implementing the regulations capacity, timing and enforcement. Reference information criterion values, fertiliser trying protocol and glossary. Storage of organic fertilisers. The stock fertiliser and farm bound. Planing N usage. The harvest nitrogen demand bound. Field application of organic fertilisers. Field application of manufactured N fertilisers. There are many procedures applied and used by the husbandmans in the nitrate vulnerable zones need to be evaluated and controlled by jurisprudence enforcements introduced by the environmental bureau of England, some of these will be discussed subsequently in this study. 2.1 Storage OF ORGANIC Fertilizers: The Torahs or regulations which control the procedure of storage of the organic fertilisers and which the husbandman should follow them in the nitrate vulnerable zones are: The maximal capacity of pigsaa‚Â ¬a„? slurry and domestic fowl storage is 6 months. The maximal capacity of other stock such as cowss slurry storage is 5 months. The storage must be in particular topographic points like stock houses or covered edifices, with exclusion to hive away them temporarily in the field site and guarantee there is no liquid draining during the storage periods. Reconstructing fertiliser storage installations must obey the building criterions set by the control of pollution. New, well enlarged or well reconstructed manure storage installations must follow with the building criterions set down in The Control of Pollution. ( Silage, Slurry and Agricultural Fuel Oil Regulations 1991 ) 2.2 THE STOCK FERTILIZER AND FARM LIMIT: The husbandmans can non travel beyond a maximal storage of 170 kg/ha of entire produced by stock in each twelvemonth averaged by over the country where the European committee has approved an understanding which will let qualified husbandmans those who have with more than 80 % of the farm country as green lands to hive away at a higher sum of 250 kilograms of entire merchandise. The husbandmans must enter information related to this stuff to demo it to the authorities, some of these informations are: The Numberss and types of stock per twenty-four hours during the twelvemonth, every bit good as disbursement or keeping. The sum of N which produced by the stock per twenty-four hours over the twelvemonth must non transcend the standard values including the exported sum of stock to another farms. 2.3 THE HARVEST NITROGEN REQUIREMENT LIMIT: The husbandman must vouch that the content of the N in the crop fertiliser do non transcend the maximal criterion value which specified by the regulations and cusps of nitrate vulnerable zones. 2.4 FIELD APPLICATION OF ORGANIC Fertilizers: All husbandmans at the nitrate vulnerable zones must do certain about the content of the nitrate before using the organic fertilisers, and do n't hold to utilize them if they exceeded the acceptable bounds. The manufacturers of the organic fertilisers must use the fertilisers during the fixed periods within a certain conditions. At the terminal of the closed period, the maximal applying sum is about 50 M3s / hour angle of slurry and 8 tones of domestic fowl. 2.5 THE ORGANIC FERTILIZERS AND FIELD LIMITS: For a twelvemonth, 12 months, the husbandmans must non transcend the degree of N which is 250 kg/ha by utilizing organic fertilisers including stock fertilisers. There must be at least three hebdomads between each single application. 2.6 CLOSED Spread PERIODS FOR MANUFACTURED FERTILIZER: The maker and the client of the organic N fertiliser must non use the production during the specific period of the twelvemonth, but can allow either the specified crops or obtain advice for the other crops from the authorities. 2.7 KEEPING NITROGEN OUT OF SURFACE WATERS: By the beginning of every twelvemonth, there are some demands from the husbandman in the nitrate vulnerable zones, and they are: Transporting out a hazard appraisal in instance of utilizing either organic manure or one of its applications. Producing a hazard map to place suited field locations for fertiliser applications. Where applicable, the map must besides demo sites suited for impermanent field tonss of solid fertilisers. When the husbandmans start the field operations, there are some necessities which are listed below: They should non utilize fertilisers contains N or organic fertilisers when the dirt is H2O logged, flooded, or snow covered, or has been frozen for more than 12 hours in the past 24 hours. They ca n't use organic fertilisers within 10 metres of surface H2O, except on land managed for engendering birds and under certain other limitations. Organic fertilisers must be put within 50 metres of a spring, good or borehole. The manufactured N fertiliser must be used within 2 metres of surface H2O. The husbandmans must do a field review to impose the hazard of skip through to come up H2O before distributing manufactured nitrogen fertiliser or organic fertiliser. If there is any possibility of leaking some of manufactured nitrogen fertiliser or organic fertiliser to the surface H2O, so the husbandmans must halt utilizing the fertilisers and delay while the job is solved and the husbandman must be responsible. The acceptable angle of the land where the fertilisers are used must non transcend or within 12 grade as a maximal value. The ability to utilize and the sanctioned sum of fertiliser depends on: Land drain. Land H2O screen. The nature and type of the dirts and the fertilisers. The husbandmans must enter all informations related to the old regulations in order to look into the records by the environment bureau and guarantee that they apply the nitrate vulnerable zones regulations and set of ordinances. 3. SCOTLAND AS A CASE STUDY: 3.1 CONCERNING EASTERN SCOTLAND: Eastern Scotland considered as one of the largest agribusiness countries in the United Kingdom, and it started using nitrate vulnerable zones instruments and regulations from this twelvemonth. The husbandmans in eastern Scotland are considered as a instance survey in this study to better the storage of slurry in those countries. Where on the other manus Scotland contains tonss of agribusiness countries, so it can be applied and evaluated by the nitrate vulnerable zones regulations on it. The husbandmans in Scotland are carrying up and utilizing the organic slurry for the agribusiness purposes, but this slurry is full of organics and N which may change over to guess nitrate as the undermentioned chemical equation: N2 + 6 H2O 2 NO3 + 6 H2 Then, this nitrate will foul a immense sum of resistance and surface H2O, the simplest solution of this job is using nitrate vulnerable zones on Scotland. 3.2 THE CONDITION OF SCOTLAND: There are many features and belongingss of Scotlandaa‚Â ¬a„?s dirts, and every bit recognized as organic dirts which has the ability to hive away big sum of C contents comparing with other agribusiness zones in UK. The surface of Scotland dirts indicates that it is sensitive to pollution or in peculiar nitrate pollution. Figure ( 3 ) : The types of the Soils in Scotland.[ 3 ] Depending in the maps above, one can observe that the land of the Scotland can be divided in to four basic types: Podzols dirt, which describes a presence of organic that is suited for the forest agribusiness with ash Grey and rich with silica content and have light Greies colour. AA . Brown colored dirts, reasonably contains a thin bed of organic bed, included of mineral medium and good construction with the stone pulverization dirts. Gleys dirts, the dirt consist of many metallic ions like Ag which have the graded blue colourss in comparing to the normal organic content, it responsible for surface H2O production. Organic peat dirts, it contains larger than 60 % of organic content with high surface bed which gives it high ability to agriculture even the sourness is so high ( & lt ; 5 PH ) . 3.3 Evaluation: From the information above, it can be noted that the dirts of Scotland in peculiar the agribusiness countries do non necessitate larger sum of natural or manufactured nitrogen fertilisers, so the authorities and the environmental bureau should do surveies about the needed sum of these fertilisers to procure the maximal sum of use to protect the surface and belowground H2O from the nitrate pollution jeopardy. The function of the nitrate vulnerable zones instrument is to command and oversee the storage procedure for these countries particularly that Scotland is well-known with stock where the Fieldss will be affected by the overall nitrate contents. Problem Impact Recommendation STOCK Storage Leaking to come up country. Using particular storage topographic points. Exploitation Fertilizers Reacted with the surface H2O. Restriction and unchanging the use for particular instances. APPLYING THE RULES The husbandman may non use the regulations. Making difficult regulations to command the countries related to nitrate vulnerable zones. KNOWLEDGE OF THE RULES Some husbandmans do non cognize plenty about regulations. Commercial advertizement. Table ( 1 ) : some of the proposal for existent job. 4. Decision: The nitrate vulnerable zones is a pattern introduced by the environmental bureau of United Kingdom to cut down the H2O nitrate pollution of the agribusiness country in the land, and this pattern is related to the husbandmans who live in the zones where high content of nitrate is caused by the procedure of storage and utilizing the manufactured or natural N fertilisers. From the rating and perusal of Scotland, one can observe that the nature of the dirt needs using nitrate vulnerable zones on those countries to get the better of the job of nitrate. Recommendations: The thought of nitrate vulnerable zones is really of import particularly for the countries causesaa‚Â ¬a„? H2O pollution of nitrate, but it should be international pattern all over the universe, in add-on to do difficult regulations on people who try to change with this pattern. In add-on, this topic is interested by every individual in the universe so the international organisation should assist the hapless husbandman to use nitrate vulnerable zones.

Monkey Drug Trials Experiment

Title: Monkey Drug Trials Experiment Authors: Deneau, Yanagita & Seevers Year: it was done in 1969 Purpose: The purpose of the experiment was to look at the effects of self-administration on drugs, drug abuse, and drug dependence in humans, by testing it on monkeys. They wanted to observe whether a monkey would become addicted to drugs or not, and to understand better the effects of drugs. Method: First a method was developed, to teach the monkeys how to self- administer the drugs through intravenous catheters.Then the psychologist injected the monkeys for the first time the drugs. Because they were several monkeys each one received a different drug, some received cocaine, morphine, amphetamines, nalorphine,mixtures, chlorprmazine, mescaline, codeine, pentobarbital, ethanol, and caffeine. The researchers observed a behaviour right afterwards the administration, and after some days they started to provided the prepared drug solutions to the monkeys to see, if they were going to self a dminister or not, afterwards they were already taught how to do it. Results:The results show that in consequence of the drug administration the monkeys became dependent on the drugs. The animals were out of their mind, that some tried desperately to escape and they broke their arms. The monkeys that took cocaine suffered convulsions, some other monkeys ripped off their own fingers (possibly because of hallucinations). Another monkey taking amphetamines took all of the fur from his arm and belly, and in the case of cocaine and morphine mixed, the monkeys died after two weeks. The psychological dependence of the drug effects occurs when the monkey oluntarily starts the self-administration of the drug. The monkeys developed psychological dependence on morphine, codeine, cocaine, d-amphetamine, pentobarbital, ethanol, and caffeine. All of the drugs except caffeine produced psychotoxicity. Monkeys didn’t created a psychological dependence on nalorphine, morphine-nalorphine mixture s, chlorpromazine, mescaline or physiological saline These experiments also showed that the monkey’s biological traits were similar to the human ones, and conclude that the key factor on drug abuse is the psychological dependence.The researchers founded the reason why drug abuse takes place and how can a psychological treatment will help people give up the drug addiction. Discussion: The experiment was very controversial because it was very unethical and the monkeys suffered a lot of pain, and in some cases died of overdose. The Helsinki declaration was founded in 1964 and since here they have been updating principles of good practice in this kinds of experiments. They say, â€Å"Welfare of animals used for research must be respected†. Since here the ethical views for non-humans subjects started.Later on the APA gave instructions to determine whether an experiments on animals is acceptable or not. For example animal research should not harm the animal or distress it on any way. If the researchers don’t follow this code, they wont be allowed to keep on with the experiment. In the case of this experiment was already done, but that’s why still now a days is very controversial and shocking, and is listed in one of the 10 most unethical psychological experiments. Personal opinion: This experiment in my opinion was useful to psychology.But I don’t agree with the methods that were applied. The researchers taught some behaviours to the monkeys that unless humans never show them how to do they will never do it by themselves, like self-administrating drugs, it is not something that in their natural environment are going to learn, so they are alienating the monkey from its normal behaviours. In my own opinion I know, that monkeys have very similar biological traits in compare to humans, and in this case I did find it useful because thanks to it, late in that times esearchers found the main key on drug dependence which is the psychologic al dependence the desire to always get more of the drug and feel what it makes you feel over and over again. Nowadays if they realize this experiment, we will say it’s not something new to humanity, that drugs create certain effects on the human body and clearly creates psychological dependence, but back in those days the use of drugs was just starting and this knowledge was not so obvious and known by so many people.I do agree it was unethical, doing those sort of things to the monkeys and probably In some cases there can be many differences between animal behaviour and human behaviour, therefore results for one another cannot be generalised. I would never do it, but after the realization of it, you analyse a little and the results are very useful, to act and treat on time a drug addiction. Sources * Psue76, â€Å"Monkey drug trails 1969† * Springer link â€Å"Psychopharmacology† * Mind power news â€Å" 10 most unethical psychological experiments† * Psychology Hawks â€Å"Psychology gone bad: when animals pay the price for  science. †

My Dream by Lucian (PDF) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

My Dream by Lucian (PDF) - Essay Example Lucian uses appeal to character in comparing the two. In his dream, the two women each states how Lucian will be viewed by others in the society. This clearly shows that what had been running in Lucian’s head was about having an impressive character to his family and his friends (Lucian 42). The statue making job was well recognized in the society. Great people like Pheidias who made Zeus and Polycleitus who curved Hera were honored for their work. Myron and Praxiteles were also well known. Lucian was being convinced to take up this job because he will be worshipped like gods, his name will be great among men. Knowing that his father was not well reputable and with low income, Lucian is being assured that his father will be envied because of him and his father’s land would be remembered. Education also had its great convincing reputations. Education demotes statue making in that Lucian would just be a mere stonecutter doing manual work, a meaningless person earning very little. He won’t be a great figure among his friends. Choosing education, first, he would know about himself, his soul. He would acquaint himself with the best enhancements for soul (Lucian 33). Information on the past and the future will also not be a problem to him. He will be able to know on what happened on the past and what is going to happen in the future. He will be changed from lowly, poor boy whose father has nothing to be recognized upon to someone of great honor, respect and envy from others. Wealth and fancy clothes will be his trend. His utterance will be of wisdom heeded by everyone. They will carry a power of its own which everyone will marvel by his speech, praise him for the noble words. They will praise his father for having such o wonderful son. Lucian chooses education over statue making (Lucian23). Even though Lucian was angry of his uncle which made him choose education over statue making, his dream directly

The Economy, Monetary Policy, and Monopolies Essay - 3

The Economy, Monetary Policy, and Monopolies - Essay Example ming more expensive, the dampening of consumer demand for loan products such as mortgages as well as affecting the prices of residential real estate negatively. The rise in interest rates in the last five years can be attributed to the fall or rise of the money in circulation which has been common in the United States in the recent years. Increases rates have, in turn, led to inflation in the economy (O’Sullivan, Sheffrin and Prerez, 82). Looking at the United States economic situation in the last five years in terms of inflation, interest rate and employment, questions have to be raised on what has been referred as the ‘greatest economy’. In the last five years, the interest rates in the USA have gone so low and this can be seen in the spike of the houses on sale. This condition has led to federal budget balance weakening to an extent that has never been witnessed for decades. This implies that the economy of the nation is completely off track. The rate of unemployment has rises from 4.5 % in 2007 and is now at 8.1 % (O’Sullivan, Sheffrin and Prerez, 78). High employment rates is one of the major indicators of how any economy is fairing and with the number of people actively looking for jobs increasing in the United States, the economy can be viewed as attenuating. This means that even businesses have lost the confidence of hiring employees again. In an effort to create more employment opportunities, the federal government permitted rapid credit expansion. This led to the central bank to adjust its monitory policy following increased inflation at that time. This effort slowed the money supply growth thus checking on the unemployment levels. The other step by the federal government to check on unemployment rates was through the introduction of a fiscal policy that was intended to stabilize the economy (Beardon, 18). The policy achieved this through cutting down on taxes as well as increasing spending. The policy also impacted the interest rates and the

Global Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Global Business - Essay Example The tradition based culture places emphasis on traditions, history and established conventions. The market systems in the tradition based cultures are dissimilar compared to the modern based cultures; hence, both social and economic factors influence the adaptation and development of marketing institutions. The willingness of the Chinese culture to relinquish its traditional ways and adopt new ones is unlikely. Culture influences the behavior of a customer. Company A must therefore, carry out a cultural orientation to establish and maintain, through vendor loyalty, adequate small retailers reinforced by an efficient, multi-tied distribution networks (Hall, 2000). Major Cross Cultural Issues There are a number of cross cultural issues which may affect or impact the manner in which Company A will conduct its marketing. The first one is the difference in leadership. A company from the west may find the rules and regulations of operations from China as being stringent. A company from the West is somewhat liberal and would find it find the conservative nature of the Chinese people as being somewhat limiting. The other aspect is the perception. The perception of people from the west and those from China is different. This stems from the fact that their cultures are different. With full appreciation of the facts, company A would require to get a somewhat different approach that would ensure that they capture as many clients as possible. The Impact of Cross-Cultural Ethical Differences in the Strategies of Marketing between the United States and China To promote and market in the Eastern Asian market, it is essential for the US to understand China’s culture. This means the US must have knowledge of the way the Chinese handle business, as well as how they market their merchandise. For example, the mode that Company A will use to publicize specialized machine locomotive modules may develop a direct effect on sales in China. Hence, it is important to note that adve rtising suitable in America could be offensive in China. The manner in which men and women interact is crucial in China. In addition, the Chinese are sensitive to advertisements that expose women negatively. Company A must consider such conditions when using women to advertise their products (Peterson, 2011). The Americans in China must consider what is essential to the Chinese when marketing in the country in order to advertise to them appropriately. Errors have been experienced where the Chinese did not heed to lubricant fighting soaps, while in reality, this was crucial to the Chinese. When Company A advertisements specialized machinery engine modules to the Chinese, it should contemplate what is essential to the Chinese in respect for it to market successfully. In addition, the Chinese run their businesses differently from the Americans, and people consider them harsh and rough in regard to their working strategies. Understanding the Chinese trade practices will enable Company A to have a cautious approach to negotiation, as the Chinese do not haste into assessments. They prefer reflecting over matters before making decisions. Lack of this information may cause Company A to encounter losses. This may happen when dealing with harsh suppositions such as extensive value increment, especially when there is little acknowledgement during consultations. These

The Lands of Bolivar Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Lands of Bolivar - Essay Example The Latin American governments including Columbia have been strongly pressured by the U.S to enhance their drug management efforts. Strained diplomatic ties resulted in the process. This paper examines the role of the United States in the drug issues that are facing Columbia. It also looks at the militarization of the drug control efforts that have been put in effect by the United States and the effects that such programs are likely to have on Columbia. During the reign of Reagan in the United states administration, the war against drugs gained it momentum. Political pressure for drug eradication was mounting in Columbia. Decriminalization and the legalization movements were marginalized by a tough approach to the war on drugs. It became apparent that this war will be militarized. The speech that was delivered by Reagan in 1982 focused on drug prohibition and eradication. In addition to that, the major of the United States war on drugs as put into practice in Columbia included eradication projects through crop substitution strategies and the prohibition of the trafficking routes. It is worth noting that though much of the efforts were militarized, the objectives in Columbia were believed to be counter narcotics. The prospect of maintaining this distinction was critical in upholding the support of public wary of a possible involvement of the U.S in a counter revolution that could ‘Vietnamize’ the overall state of affairs in Columbia. The effectiveness of the US in this situation can attributed to the fact that there was a reduction in the amount of drugs entering the United States and a subsequent growth of a drug-free economy. With better economic opportunities at stake, the farmers in Columbia could grow nutritious food crops rather than the drugs. Additionally, with drug elimination the country has a lot to offer which includes

Business ethics Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business ethics - Article Example I agree with the author’s statement that a conjunction of motive, means and opportunity creates an ethical hazard (Pendse, 2012). This approach is complimented by the definition of fitness hazard as a tendency of an entity to take undue menace whose costs are not borne on them (William, 2007). I deem author is aiming at providing rules and procedure that will help curb ethical hazards. This is seen in the light of providing an ethical hazard marshal to minimize these tribulations (Pendse, 2012). An instance is given of the leading company, Enron. The management styles and executive decisions of the executives of the company led to an enormous financial crisis.(William, 2007). Therefore, the executives were convicted and received extensive penitentiary terms. Although I liked the way the writer proposed the initiative of teaching ethics in business schools to curb future occurrences, I think the proposal would be essential in schools of all disciplines and not only business school(Pendse, 2012). This is because, ethical deeds are a must for the growth of any being in their job place, in households, and in their day to day actions. In my view, I think the author is wrong in assuming that other past scandals were restricted in the corporations they occurred in since for every ethical hazard that happen other institutions and individuals suffer with it(Pendse, 2012). The difference is in the magnitude, for example, in the article the scandal at Enron destroyed, not just the company, but the rest of the world, as well (Conrad, 2010). This does not inevitably mean that other scandals that seem restrictive do not spread their downfall. In stating that the fiscal crisis at Enron was totally â€Å"unforeseeable and unpredictable†, I feel that the author is contradicting himself. This is seen in the subsequent line where he states that Warren Buffet had previously warned of the looming danger. The danger was, as a result of the the increasing leverage and

Criminal and civil law Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Criminal and civil law - Research Paper Example In this study, the difference between the civil and criminal court principles, administration, procedures and types of cases in Ontario will be compared and contrast. As part of going through the main discussion, examples of cases that occurred in Ontario since 2005 will be provided in this paper. In principles, criminal law in Ontario includes acts that is proven to cause intentional harm to another person or other people’s property whereas civil law involves either disputes between two people or negligent acts that could end up causing harm to another person (Canadian Superior Courts Judges Association, 2010 a). A good example of criminal law under the classification of burglary is the act of breaking into the home of another person with the intention to commit a felony (Lippman, 2010, p. 420). In line with this, the main purpose of criminal law is to protect the society’s peace and order (Sixth Sense, 2010). Civil law aims to protect the interest of private individuals by upholding the rights of each person (Jenkins, 2011, p. 320; Sixth Sense, 2010). Unlike criminal law which involves the act of causing intentional harm to another person, civil law involves the argument between two people or any form of negligent acts which may end up causing harm to another person. These arguments can arise out of misunderstanding or disagreement over the ownership of land or buildings, dismissal of employee, bounced checks, or unresolved financial debts (FDIC, 2010). Aside from simple family law cases such as divorce, division of conjugal properties, spousal and child support, parental responsibility for a child or the distribution of estates of deceased person; professional negligence and malpractice that could have resulted to physical injury or damages to another person is also categorized under civil court cases (Canadian Superior Courts Judges Association, 2010 a). Since criminal offenses are made against the security and safety of the

Cache Level Essay Example for Free

Cache Level Essay Describe the purpose of ONE (1) setting that is statutory provision for each age range. A statutory provision for under 5’s could be a nursery as it is fully funded by the government. The government dictates that education must be provided for all children under 5 although it is the parents’ wishes to send children to nursery. The intention of a nursery is so that they educate the children before they start school, also they can help develop their social and their motor skills so that they are nearly fully developed ready for starting school. The role of the school is to support parent’s wishes and access children’s educational needs. â€Å"The Foundation Phase is a statutory framework for children aged 3-7 in Wales. At our school we are committed to the holistic development of each child, looking at where they are in their stage of development and teaching them the skills they need to reach their full potential†-(http://www. cogannursery. co. uk/#/curriculum/4540401886)-10/10/12 A primary school is a statutory provision for ages between five and seven. This setting provides full time education by following the national curriculum â€Å"The National Curriculum, taught to all pupils in state or maintained schools, is made up of blocks of years, known as key stages† All local authorities in England and Wales must provide a choice of schools for children to attend. D2: Describe the purpose of ONE (1) setting that is a different type of provision for each age range. A different provision for under 5’s could be a private nanny, a private nanny works in the home of the children and lives in or out of the home depending on the parent’s decision. A nanny looks after children from birth onwards although this depends on the parents’ wishes. Nanny’s work in a private working agreement, so the parents of the children pay the nanny directly and also pay their taxes and national insurance. A purpose of a nanny is so that in out of school hours the children are looked after and cared for; a nanny is purposed for busy working class parents. â€Å"Nanny is responsible for the entire care of the children of their employers. This includes anything from washing the childrens clothes and tidying the childrens rooms, to supervising homework and preparing childrens meals, as well as taking children to and from school and activities. A nanny is available 24 hours a day, unless their employment contract states otherwise. †- (http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Nanny)-10/10/12 A different provision for children between five and seven could be an out of school club. An out of school club doesn’t educate children although they do offer a range of activities. It is the parent’s choice to use the school club as it is fully paid by the parents. All out of school clubs follow health and safety rules. â€Å"Our aim is to provide quality accessible  out of school childcare offering a range of play activities in a friendly and  welcoming atmosphere. †- (http://www. debsoutofschoolclubs. co. uk/ )- 15/10/12 D3: Describe the work of a professional or an agency working with children. A professional role which would work with children would be a children’s nurse. A nurses’ role is varied and sometimes challenging. Support is a major factor for the role of a nurse; children’s nurses will work as part of a team including doctors, hospital play staff, radiographers, healthcare assistants, new-born hearing screeners, psychologists and social workers. â€Å"This branch involves everything from nursing a sick new-born to an adolescent road accident victim. The challenges are very varied, with family care and support a key element. †- (http://www. nhscareers. nhs. uk/explore-by-career/nursing/careers-in-nursing/childrens-nursing/ ) A Children’s nurse helps and supports children by evaluating patient needs to provide the best possible care. Nurses also support families of the patients they educate and advise children about treatments and implications also to provide support and training to help deliver follow-up care at home. â€Å"It is a privileged position which allows you to help families when they can be at their most vulnerable†- (http://www. dayinthelife. org. uk/Default. aspx? pageid=322) D4: Describe how to keep information about children and families confidential. It is important to be confidential as it is a legal requirement in some cases. The policy for confidentiality means that information about children or families should not be shared amongst others. Everyone who works in a childcare setting must know about the confidentiality policy and follow the rules. The policy also states that all information and facts about the child must be stored in an secure safe place, information and facts about each individual child should be stored and locked away and only to be used when needed by the teachers or staff when given permission. Contact details of each individual child should be stored away this includes their name, age, number, address etc. Also other paperwork of each child should be stored away too, such as school reports, grades/levels, medical notes, etc. â€Å"Anyone working with young children, whether in a nursery setting, a school or in a family home, will need to practice confidentiality. Confidentiality is respect for the privacy of any information about a child and his or her family†- An Introduction to Childcare and Education, Carolyn MeggItt, Jessica Stevens, Tina Bruce, ISBN 0-340-78007-X, 215pg- Monday 8th October 2012 (Date Found), Year 2000 Published. D5: Explain how to prepare to work in a placement with children. To prepare for work placement with children always be prepared, call placement at least two days before you start to confirm what time you are due in and finish and what you are supposed to wear and bring to placement. When meeting you supervisor for the first time always make sure you look neat and tidy, by tying your hair back, make sure nails are short and well cared-for, wear natural make up or none if possible, take all excessive jewellery out e. . facial piercings, also dress appropriately e. g. smart pair of trousers/leggings, with a black or white t-shirt/polo shirt, jacket or cardigan and a sensible black pair of shoes. D6: Give TWO (2) different ways in which you can show that you understand the importance of valuing each child as an individual. There are many ways of treating children as individuals. As a practitioner you could meet the child’s needs by talking to a child one to one as this could stren gthen the child’s self-confidence and esteem. Every child learns differently a child could learn by auditory (Listening, being told things), kinaesthetic (doing practical activities), visual (being shown things or remembering information by drawing) or read/writing learning (prefer to read instructions than being told what to do), as a practitioner you need to be aware of this. Going down to a child level could make it easier for them to understand the task being asked as they will feel more comfortable and also the teacher can understand what they find difficult. Listen to the child and treat them accordingly to their wishes and needs. All children should be treated equally and activities set differently according to their abilities. When planning an activity at the setting I must make sure that each child participates in the activity like making â€Å"Christmas â€Å"cards, some children do not celebrate Christmas so find another sort of celebration card or activity for them to do. Diversity could be shown within children nurseries creches, day-cares and schools. Every child had different religions and beliefs to follow so encouraging children to understand the different religions and beliefs to understand why other children celebrate these other celebrations. Practitioners and teachers should do certain activates with the children which involve different religions so the children have more of an understanding of the religions around them e. g. do painting activities including different symbols of religions, playing games from religions, reading books of religions etc. C1: Give TWO (1) examples of when you should refer information about children and families to professionals in the setting. You should only share information about a child and their family if you are concerned that the child is in harm, this could be through abuse, neglect or violence. If you have concerns that a child may be in this situation you should inform a higher member of staff who then can contact the police and social services. Social services and police work together as a multi-agency which is where two or more agencies work together to make an impact. If a professional in a childcare setting may be concerned that a child is in danger, or has seen any bruises of physical abuse he/she should report it to a higher member of staff. A professional may also reveal confidential information to other staff/professionals if it may put other people/children in harm or it may affect the child’s behaviour and emotions such as stress within the family. Another example of when a professional might share personal information is when a Childs routine may be changed e. g. changes have been made to picking up or dropping off a child. Staff would need to know this information as so they are able to let the child go at a differ time or with another guardian or the child. B1: Explain why the first impressions that you make in the setting are important. The first impressions when starting placement first time is important because this is what you are remembered by and what people judge u on. You should wear appropriate comfortable smart clothing which is suitable for when doing activities with the children. Most nurseries/day cares expect their employers and practitioners to dress smartly e. . black trousers, white smart shirt. A good appropriate attitude is also important when making a first impression; you should be enthusiastic eager and always make sure you look like you’re enjoying yourself whatever you’re doing. Making a good impression shows that you value the job/placement. Team work is needed through of life it’s a needed life skill it is important especially when working with children. B2: Explain suitable ways in which you can show positive attitudes when working in a childcare setting. Within a childcare setting you can show a positive attitude by involving yourself with the children. You should wear suitable comfortable clothing for working with children, this might be a pair of stretchy smart trousers and a white polo top and a pair of black smart shoes. A: Explain the importance of keeping information about children and families confidential. It’s important to keep information about children and families confidential at all times. As practitioners you are never to discuss matters or concerns about children and their families outside the working environment. It important to maintain confidentiality about children and their families secure and safe as it is your responsibility as a professional. When sharing information about a child or their family you’re not just breaking the rules and policies of you working placement you are also putting a child at risk and harm. A*: Reflect on the importance of recognising your own learning style and using this knowledge effectively in your studies. After learning about learning styles I found out that my learning style is visual, this mean that I would prefer to learn through seeing e. g. eing shown things through pictures, slide shows and diagrams. Recognising your own learning style will help you by finding out the best way for you to learn and understand things. There are three different types of learning styles such as visual, auditory and kinaesthetic. Visual learning style mean that you learn better by recognising things e. g. pictures, posters, watching a programme. Auditory leaning st yle means that you learn better and understand more by listening to other people. A kinaesthetic learner learns by practical learning for example moving around and doing the activity not just writing notes about it. Bibliography http://www. cogannursery. co. uk/#/curriculum/4540401886 10/10/12 http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Nanny -10/10/12 http://www. debsoutofschoolclubs. co. uk/ 15/10/12 http://www. nhscareers. nhs. uk/explore-by-career/nursing/careers-in-nursing/childrens-nursing/ 15/10/12 http://www. dayinthelife. org. uk/Default. aspx? pageid=322 23/10/12 An Introduction to Childcare and Education Carolyn MeggItt, Jessica Stevens, Tina Bruce, ISBN 0-340-78007-X, 215pg- Monday 8th October 2012 (Date Found), Year 2000 Published. Word Count 1,497

Analysis of the Indian Civil Aviation Industry

Analysis of the Indian Civil Aviation Industry Civil Aviation Scenario Evolution In December 1910, a party from Belgium and two from England with many aircrafts arrived in India. The first amongst them was famous Humber motor companies. The team was led by Capt WG Windham, comprising two pilots, one French and one English and two mechanics. After reaching Bombay (Mumbai) they proceeded to Allahabad to demonstrate the aircraft at the Industrial Exhibition due to be held there shortly. The first actual flight was successfully attained by Mr. David in a Beriot on the 10th of December 1910 circled the Polo ground at a height of 25 to 30 feet. The second aircraft flew the next day, December 11, 1910, under the control of French Pilot Piguet and carried the first passenger in India. He was one of the sons of the Maharaja of Benares In a show at Tollygunj, near Calcutta on December 21, 1910, in a show Baron flew with a lady passenger Mrs. N.C. Sen who thus became the first woman in India to get airborne. The history of civil aviation in India started with its first commercial flight on February 18, 1911. It was a journey from Allahabad to Naini made by a French pilot Monseigneur Piguet covering a distance of about 10 km over the river Yamuna. The first domestic air route Karachi-Delhi began in December 1912 by the Indian State Air Services in collaboration with the Imperial Airways, UK. It was actual extension of London-Karachi flight The Indian aviation gathered momentum after three years (1915) with the opening of a regular airmail service between Karachi and Madras by the first Indian airline- Tata Sons Limited October 15, 1932, JRD Tata started Tata Aviation and piloted the first carriage of mail from Karachi to Bombay. Tata Aviation later became Air India. At the time of Independence, there were 9 air transport companies operating in India. Tata Airlines, Indian National Airways, Air Service of India, Deccan Airways, Ambica Airways, Bharat Airways, Mistry Airways and Oriental Airways Air Corporation Act of 1953 was passed nationalising all airlines. Air India International took over the international traffic and Indian Airlines Corporation the domestic. Sector structure/Market size The Indian civil aviation industry is among the fastest growing industries in the world with its growth rate of 18% per annum. Number of players as well as the number of aircraft is increasing in India at it is mainly due to the open sky policy of the government, because of which many overseas players are entering in the aviation market. Today, private airlines account for around 75 per cent share of the domestic aviation market. India was at 12th position in the world’s aviation market in 2006, but it has improved its position holding 9th position at present.In the year 2006 the domestic air services were available at 75 airport in India which has improved up to 82 airports now. Month-wise Indian Scheduled Domestic Operation (Aircraft Kms Flown) of Civil Aviation in India (May 1988 to December 2008) In India the air passenger travel is increasing at about 25% a year since the aviation sector opened up the skies to private carriers. Government has estimated that by 2025 the growth of aviation sector in India will outpace the global average. Currently the aviation sector is going through bad phase which started from 2008 after economic slowdown hit the market in 2008, while year 2007 was the best ever in terms of growth for Indias civil aviation sector. The domestic airlines passenger load increased by 36.47 % (to 317.29 lakh passengers) in the first three quarters of 2007. International Air Transport Association (IATA), estimated about the Indian aviation sector that India will contribute significantly to global air travel. This contribution which was US$ 5.1 billion in 2007 will soon cross US$ 5.6 billion after the market condition will be stable and then it will grow significantly. In 2007 market research firm PhoCus estimated that domestic air traffic will be more than double and touch 86.1 million passengers by 2010, up from 32.2 million passengers in 2007. But after economic slowdown this estimate may take some time to achieve after 2010. Opportunities Aviation sector is going to play a major role in terms of employment in this sector. There is going to be huge demand for technical and administrative employees in this sector due to the vast growth of aviation sector in the future. Aviation sector is not only limited up to pilots and air-hostesses but there are many employment options in this sector which are related to aviation and without which industry cannot function. Some of the Operations jobs include: Pilots, airhostesses, air traffic controller, cabin safety instructor, in-flight managers, In-flight base managers, cabin services instructor, maintenance controllers, aircraft maintenance engineers, quality control manager, cargo officers and ground staff. There is also a wide range of positions on the ground and these include the services of mechanics, baggage handlers, ticket agents and reservations agents. Potential for Growth and its future The Indian Civil Aviation market was worth US$ 5.6 billion in 2008 which has grown at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 18 per cent. According to Centre for Asia Pacific Aviation (CAPA) the domestic traffic will increase by 25% to 30% till 2010. Also international traffic will grow by 15 per cent and total market will have more than 100 million passengers by 2010. At present the Indias civil aviation passenger growth is 20% and it is one of the highest in the world. By 2020, 400 million Indian passengers are likely to be airborne. More than 100 million passenger in which 60 million will be domestic passengers and around 3.4 million tons of cargo per annum are expected to handle by the Indian airports by 2020. There are many significant steps which are still to be taken by the government to propel growth in the Indian civil aviation sector. Indian government is already working on its plans to modernize existing airports by 2010 and is investing more than US$ 9 billion in the project. There is also a plan of the government to develop around 300 unused airstrips. Kapil Kaul, CEO India Middle East, Centre for Asia Pacific Aviation (CAPA), in an interview said that Indias civil aviation passenger growth is among the highest in the world. â€Å"The sector is slated to cruise far ahead of other Asian giants like China or even strong economies like France and Australia. The number of passengers who will be airborne by 2020 is a whopping 400 million.† The markets being as it is holds great promise for potential investors and numerous International no-frills budget carriers are making a beeline for India. With so much activity in the sector there is a tremendous need for personnel as well. While earlier, the airline industry was largely government owned and perceived as regulated and also a tad boring, with private and international players entering the market, opting for a career in the airlines has become both a lucrative and glamorous option To meet the growing demand, Indian scheduled carriers are placing major orders for aircraft. Based on press reports, Indian carriers placed orders over US $12 billion at the 2005 Paris Air Show. Of the 280 aircraft order received by Airbus, 135 are from Indian carriers. Moreover, of the $50 billion that Airbus can earn from these deals, the contribution of Indian carriers is over $15 billion. Airbus forecasts that the number of new aircraft it would sell to Indian carriers would go up to 400 by the year 2023. This will make the India the third largest market for new aircraft in Asia, behind China (1,790) and Japan (640), according to Airbus Global Market Forecast 2004-2023. The aviation industry is of the view that the European aircraft maker may have to again revise its projection upwards. The report further states that Boeing expects India to buy aircraft worth $35 billion in the next 20years. As per a press report, the Center for Asia Pacific Aviation (CAPA) estimates India domestic airlines would need 650 new aircraft by 2012, up from the current 210. Every new carrier launched in the country will need to buy a minimum of five aircraft to start operations, as stipulated under the license condition, in the next 12 months. Inter Globe Enterprises has placed firm orders for 100 aircraft worth $6.5 billion. The anticipated fleet augmentation planned by airlines of India are shown in Table Source DGCA It will be observed that India is likely to see large increase in aircraft registered in India and operation of such fleet would result in straining of aviation infrastructure. Policy decisions have been undertaken to enhance the airport infrastructure. Another component of aviation infrastructure that is of crucial importance to growth of Civil Aviation is up-gradation of capacity to train critical manpower. The training for making available operating crew and maintenance personnel is an expensive exercise and requires long gestation period. Prior to liberalization in early 90’s, the two State-owned airlines had established elaborate training infrastructure to train critical manpower for their needs. The training plans were evolved based on its fleet expansion plans. In the first phase of domestic market liberalization in early 90s the requirement of critical manpower had placed a strain on availability of this human resource. Large scale poaching of critical manpower from one airline to another had been resorted to. The growth of fleet in the first half of the current decade had again resulted in shortage of operating crew and maintenance personnel. The series of steps have been taken recently to meet the present shortfall of cockpit crew that include increase of eligibility age of pilots from 60 years to 65, permission to ex-pat pilots to operate airline services etc. Industry is still facing problem besides opening up of doors for foreign pilots. In fact DGCA has taken a lead role to alleviate the situation of shortage of pilots in all possible manners without compromising the safety aspects. Private airlines are equipping themselves with flight simulators for pilot training including recurrent checks. Indian Airlines has been inducting CPL holders for its training program at CTE Hyderabad. Air India has embarked on a planned program to cater to long-term requirement of pilots by resorting to induct trainees for outsourced training to PPL CPL level thus enabling them to be inducting into ab-initio training program at its training establishment. Based on the fleet augmentation plans of various airlines and expected increase in the number of airlines, the requirement of critical manpower is expected to be the key factor in maintaining sufficient operating capacity to meet the growing demand for air travel in the country. Demand For Operating Crew The requirement of operating crew, of which cockpit crew is most critical due to long gestation period in training and need for elaborate and expensive infrastructure involving training aides such as aircraft simulators and other equipment in addition to training aircraft. The demand for operating crew in the country is based on the combined fleet augmentation proposed by all existing scheduled airlines and the prospective entrants into the air transportation business. Apart from schedule operators, pilots are also required by a large number of existing non-scheduled operators involved in charter operations and also for corporate aircraft owned by large business houses. Since the unprecedented growth rates achieved in the domestic market, and huge orders placed by airlines for new aircraft to cater to expected passenger carriage in the market, government, airlines, and other research institutions involved in civil aviation have been making projections for pilots requirements in the country. The projection by various bodies are at variance depending upon their estimation of the size of the market and expectations of the fleet size. The Center for Asia Pacific Aviation (CAPA) estimates that Indias domestic airlines would need 650 new aircraft by 2012, up from the current 210. This projection results in annual induction of over 70 aircraft that would require over 500 pilots per year for the new aircraft yet to be inducted. While evaluating the emerging aviation scenario, Kaw Committee (2006) had the following to say about critical manpower requirements to meet future needs: â€Å"Induction of large number of aircraft would require more than thousand additional type-rated pilots and equally large number of type-rated engineers in span of a decade, to meet the growth requirements, in addition to the recurring requirement of the licensed personnel. At present, most of the private operators get their pilots and engineers trained at the facilities of aircraft manufacturers or approved training organizations abroad. Considering the huge potential of training engineers and pilots in the country, some agencies, including aircraft manufacturers are thinking of establishing type-training facilities in India. DGCA will have to be strengthened to conduct examinations and licensing of large number of pilots and engineers required to operate and maintain the additional aircraft being acquired†. Currently there are 1650 ALTP commercial pilots licensed by the DGCA to meet requirements of over 200 aircraft operated by scheduled airlines and 2300 CPL holders meeting the airlines and general aviation aircraft. There are about 500 expatriate pilots assisting airlines in keeping airlines aircraft flying. The total requirement of pilots that would have to be trained from initial stage should take into account natural wastage on account of superannuation. FAST estimates consolidated additional requirement of pilots for the Scheduled/ non-scheduled airlines and the corporate sector at around 3000 pilots during the five years (2007-2012). Broad estimation of the requirement is shown below in Table In the present civil aviation scenario, the fleet plans of various airlines can undergo changes keeping in view growth rates on micro basis and intensity of future competition. The projection of requirements of pilots on year-to-year basis is therefore fraught with uncertainties, but a projection of pilot requirement on a longer time horizon is likely to be more realistic. Demand for Pilot Training Apart from air transportation of passengers on scheduled services and corporate travel, another potential area that has not seen much development is the need of air transportation for disaster management and medical relief /evacuation. In the coming years the use of small aircraft /helicopters is likely to become prevalent and air linking of district centers with State capitals/ major towns will be necessary. Operation of aircraft for this sector of aviation will also add to requirements of pilots. It may be noted that there is great demand for Pilot Training in India that has arisen due to phenomenal growth in air travel spurred by economic growth during the past. The present policies of the Government of India pertaining to emphasis on infrastructure and services sector leads to a very positive economic outlook that will have impact on the air transportation sector. The growth of traffic recorded in recent years is likely to be sustained in the immediate future and is expected to stabilize at a reasonable level. The sustenance of this growth is dependent on the growth and development of Aviation infrastructure of which training of critical manpower is a very important feature. Type of Training Flying Training Institutes offer various levels of trainings for commercial flying. These include Private Pilot License (PPL), Commercial Pilot License (CPL), Multi-engine Rating, and Instrument rating; apart from Commercial Helicopter Pilot License, Flight Instructor License/Rating, and Airline Transport Pilot License. In the first phase it is proposed to impart training for PPL and CPL as these trainings involve flying training on single engine aircraft. For multi engine rating and IR rating, induction of twin-engine aircraft is required along with requisite training aids such as specific aircraft simulator. Eligibility Qualifications for Entry to PPL/ CPL course Candidates for PPL training should have completed Senior Secondary Examination (10+2). Minimum age of 17 years is prescribed for induction into the course. PPL holders would be eligible to be inducted for CPL training and should have PPL issued with 50 hours of flying and not less than 10 hours of solo flying within a period of preceding 12 months. The flying club issues student Pilot license after checking the general capability of the student to continue flying training such as enough leg space in the cockpit. Selection Procedure The selection of candidates may be done on the basis of a written examination followed by Pilot Aptitude Test and Interview. The written examination for entry into PPL course will be on general subjects such as English, Physics, Mathematics and Reasoning, where as for CPL written exam will be for subjects of Air Navigation, Aviation Met, Technical general and Air Regulations. Ground Courses and Flying Training Ground Courses: Topics for the ground courses that are laid down by DGCA for PPL and CPL along with duration are shown in Table 2.1. Trainee Intake Course Duration PPL Course: The Institute in the First Phase will cater to induction of a batch of 20 trainees for PPL course. Initially induction will be carried out twice a year. During the second year of operation of institute four batches of 20 trainees each are proposed to be inducted at three monthly intervals. Trainees are expected to complete PPL Course, Simulator and Flying Training in six months. The course work and part simulator training will be completed in three months followed by intensive flying training of 50 flying hours per trainee. CPL Course: The CPL course will commence during the second year of institutes’ functioning Training Infrastructure Flying and Gliding Clubs: It is observed that Flying and Gliding Clubs have been receiving financial assistance from the Central Government ever since their inception in 1928. This assistance gradually increased on the recommendation from various Committees set up for the purpose from time to time. It is also to be noted that in addition to receiving subvention from the Central Government most of the clubs were receiving grants and donations from the State Governments and other private organizations besides the revenue earned through: Flying fees paid by the trainees Membership fees/subscriptions etc. The subvention budget was raised to 3.5 crores by the Ministry of Civil Aviation. Later on this subvention was withdrawn except for SC/ST candidates. All the flying clubs except private one’s became sick due to non-subsidy to students as it was a great burden for pilot student to pay for full flying cost. Flying clubs are generally private bodies headed by Deputy Commissioner of the district, with Sr. public person and DGCA member on its board. Equipment i.e. aircraft are purchased by the Central Government (DGCA or Aero Club of India) and given to flying clubs but remain property of DGCA. Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Udan Academy (IGRUA) was set up in Fursatganj in U.P. to provide quality training to the pilots. The Academy envisaged a quantum improvement in the standards of flying and ground training of Commercial Pilots in the country. For this, the Academy is equipped with most modern and sophisticated trainer aircraft, up-to-date audiovisual training aids and other facilities for effective ground training. Highly qualified flying and ground instructors, with long experience in the field of aviation and flying training were recruited. Academy is funded by Ministry of Civil Aviation (Air India Indian) and is equipped with latest aircraft /simulator. It has produced a large number of pilots who are serving airlines. IGRUA charges Rs.16.5 lakhs for CPL training. IGRUA uses mainly TB-20 trainer aircraft and it charges per flying hour is Rs.12, 000/-. IGRUA have been permitted to admit 100 flying students per year. IGRUA is supported to the tune of Rs.10 crores (approximately) on its recurring annual account. Proposed Training Establishment At Gondia in Mahrashtra: Ministry of Civil Aviation (MCA) is in the process of setting up National Flying Training Institute (NFTI) at Gondia in Maharastra. MCA is concerned regarding shortage of world-class facilities for training the pilots in India to meet the large-scale demand of well-trained pilots. Ministry also envisages that specific infrastructure meeting the needs of International Standardized Flying Training including the research and development in the fields of pilot training, aviation related innovated and practical courses comparable to the requirements of standards of CAR, issued by DGCA (India). ICAO, FAA (of USA) and other international training centers of repute should be established. NFTI is a green field training center and aims to develop NFTI investment as viable economic units. NFTI may have institutional structure which meet the DGCA requirements for flying training. These are Society registered under the Societies Registration Act, 1860 Statutory body under an Act of Parliament Company incorporated under the Companies Act, 1956 Foreign Training Institutes/ Schools: Indian flying students also go abroad for flying training and obtaining PPL and CPL in foreign Academies predominantly in USA, Canada and Australia. The pilots having successfully completed the training program receive license issued by Civil Aviation Authorities of respective countries. DGCA accepts the license of foreign aviation authority and endorses the license after passing of the students of three papers and flight check by the DGCA pilot. The duration of obtaining CPL license is comparatively much less and may cost about $US 20,000/- as fees. The student pilot also pays additional expenditure for boarding and lodging and traveling Process For Grant Of Approval For Flying Training Institute Approval for setting up Flying Training Institute is issued by the DGCA in accordance with CAR Section 7, Series â€Å"D† Part 1 issued in July 1999 and subsequently amended from time to time. This document details eligibility requirements, and describes the process in details along with minimum requirements relating to infrastructure, procedures and manpower for grant of approval This document is applicable for flying training activities with aircraft having maximum certified take off mass not exceeding 5700 kgs. The document also encloses formats for applicants to be utilized at various stages in the process. Eligibility requirements for issue of approval: Approval of organizations undertaking flying training activities can be granted to Central Government or state owned or controlled ones. Indian citizens, Nonresident Indian, or overseas corporate bodies can also apply for setting up flying training institutes. A company registered in India having its principal place of business within India with or without foreign equity participation (excluding NRI equity as approved by Government of India from time to time is covered in eligibility criteria. Stages of Approval Under the prescribed process, approvals are granted stage-wise. The stages are as under: Grant of Initial ‘No Objection Certificate’ Permission for import/ acquisition of Aircraft Grant of Approval Grant of Initial No Objection Certificate (NOC) Stage 1 Application is to be made to the Director General of Civil Aviation in prescribed format. For issue of initial NOC, Security clearance and FIPB approval (in case of foreign equity participation) is necessary. Application should contain following information with supporting documents. Following details are required to be furnished in the application: Memorandum of Articles of Association duly registered with the competent authority No Objection Certificate from Airports Authority of India from air traffic point of view No Objection Certificate from Owner of the airport for use of airport for setting up of training institute and for providing parking and Hangar space. Financial soundness of applicant Project report giving details of organization, manpower, training plans, infrastructure and equipment for the institute, source of funding, viability of project etc. Details of Directors of the Board and Chairman/ CEO for necessary security clearance Type and number of aircraft and simulator and source of procurement Submission of requisite fee Initial NOC will be granted after the application is found satisfactory from the point of view of need of training institute, airport capacity and constraints at the proposed airport, suitability of proposed aircraft type, aircraft maintenance arrangements etc. This NOC is valid for one and half years during which applicant will take necessary steps to comply with requirements and acquire final approval for starting the training institute. Issue of permission to import of Aircraft Stage 2 Initial NOC holder will take necessary steps to the satisfaction of DGCA for establishing required infrastructure, recruitment and training of manpower, preparation and approval of training manual, maintenance system manual, MEL, Maintenance schedules, security program etc. Initial NOC holder will furnish necessary information to show that the specific aircraft proposed to be imported meets the requirements for import of aircraft and that all mandatory modifications and airworthiness directives are complied. On demonstration of necessary preparedness the initial NOC holder will apply to the Ministry of Civil Aviation for grant of permission to import/ acquire aircraft in the prescribed format. The permission to import aircraft shall be valid for one year extendable by three months on one time basis. For new aircraft extension may be permitted for actual lead-time of the delivery. Grant of Approval Stage 3 For the final grant of approval institute shall have necessary training aids, Hangars, suitable space for aircraft maintenance, well lighted workshops and fire fighting / safety equipments. Well-marked and adequate parking bays and taxi tracks along with facilities for mooring should be available. Adequate space for engineering, maintenance, operations and classrooms should be in place. The institute should have a well equipped library with aviation books, literature, up to date flying training circulars/ compendium, CARs, AICs, AIP, Jeppson Charts route maps etc. Chief flight instructor/ Flight Instructor, in-charge and Quality control Manager should be recruited for whom DGCA approval is obtained. Adequate number of flight instructors, ground instructors and engineering personnel should be employed. Specific approval is necessary for employment of foreign licensed pilots/ engineers. On completion of necessary preparedness, applicant will apply to DGCA for grant of approval to the flying institute. The application should cover the following aspects: Particulars of specific aircraft with installation of mandatory instruments and equipment Certification of Registration and Certificate of airworthiness of the aircraft Approval of the maintenance organization Name, license/ approvals and endorsements of flight instructors/ engineers Comprehensive insurance policy covering aircraft, occupants and third party risks in accordance with requirement Compliance of relevant CAR and conditions for initial NOC if any Details of facilities, equipment, procedures and necessary manpower. On satisfactory review by the DGCA, a team constituted in DGCA will carry out inspection of the institute. If the institute meets all requirements DGCA will grant approval to the institute that shall be valid for one year and shall be renewed each year. Sources For Instructors The sources from where instructors could be recruited are as follows: From general aviation Indian Air Force International Market There is a shortage of instructors at present in the Indian aviation market. However, NEC can approach Indian Air force for instructors on deputation. The instructors can also be sourced from the International market. Company Profile (Foundation for Aviation and Sustainable Tourism) Vision of FAST Foundation for Aviation and Sustainable Tourism (FAST) to be a Think Tank evaluating policies and a Research Organization of Repute. About FAST(Foundation for Aviation and Sustainable Tourism) Foundation for Aviation and Sustainable Tourism(FAST) is an international. non-government, non-political, autonomous research organization was founded in the year 1992 .It is not working for the profit but its objective is to promote the Civil Aviation and Tourism in harmony with the environment and provides common platform for the industry and the government to find a workable solutions. Its main aim is to function as an institutional base for the study of all aspects with regard to civil aviation and tourism including their management Organization Former Secretary General, International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), Dr. S.S.Siddhu is the founder Chairman of this organization. Lt. Gen (Retd.) K M Seth, PVSM, AVSM, former Governor of Tripura and Chattisgarh is the president. Former Executive Director, Airport Authority of India (AAI) Mr. Gurcharan Bhatura is the director general of FAST. Mr. B.K Joshi, former Joint Director General of Civil Aviation is the secretary general. Board of trustees FAST is managed by the board with following trustees: Lt. Gen. (Retd.) K.M. Seth PVSM, AVSM Former Governor of Tripura Chattisgarh Mr. N.N. Jha IAS (Retd.) Mr. B.N. Jha,IAS (Retd.) Mr. Uma S Bhartia, Manager Director India Glycols Ltd Mr. P.R.S. Oberoi CMD, East India Hotels (Oberoi group of hotels) Mr. Siddhanta Sharma, Chairman Spice Jet Mr. VP Agrawal, Member (Planning) AAI Mr. Gurcharan Bhatura, Director General, FAST. Executive Council Lt. Gen. (Retd.) K.M. Seth AVSM, PVSM former Governor of Tripura Chhattisgarh, President FAST Mr. M. P. Bezbaruah, IAS (Retd.) Mr. Raghu Menon, CMD, National Aviation Company of India Limited Mr. Anil Bhandari, MD International Travel House Ltd Mr. Kanu Gohain, Director General Civil Aviation Mr. Parvez Dewan, CMD India Tourism Development Corporation Mr. R. Krishnan, Consulting Editor Cruising Heights Mr. Raman Sidhu India Head, Corp Affairs Fidelity international Mr. MM Bhagat, Chairman Bhagat Group Mr. Gurcharan Bhatura, Director and Secretary General Mr. B. K. Joshi, Treasurer Corporate Members and Members from industry There are many members of this organization which is from the aviation industry. Some are as follows : Mr.Naresh Goyal – (