Microsoft Zune vs Apple iPod Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Microsoft Zune versus Apple iPod - Essay Example Macintosh discharged its first-since forever compact media player, iPod Classic, in 2001. Like the standard convenient media players, one can tune in to music, watch recordings, show pictures and even mess around on the iPod. Macintosh has since adjusted the first iPod and has made it little and wearable (iPod Shuffle) and with an ever increasing number of highlights like having worked in Wi-Fi and empowering it to record and alter HD recordings, download and play web based games, in addition to other things. Every item has its own gadget age as well.Microsoft discharged its own media player gadget in the year 2006 and called the first Zune 30. The numbers in their name demonstrates how enormous the limit of the gadget is. Zune 30 can play melodies, video and show pictures simply like the iPod. The main contrast is that photographs and recordings can be watched or played in either picture or scene mode. The Zune can likewise be changed to mess around and can play in a wide range of s ound arrangements. It additionally has a Zune-to-Zune remote sharing of music and photographs. Next is Zune 4 which has the age of 8 and 16. As indicated by Surhone et al. (2010), it very well may be clicked 5 different ways. Like its antecedent, it has Wi-Fi utilized for remote sharing of photographs and music in other Zune. It has additionally a FM radio. Zune 80 or 120 was the following discharge for the Microsoft, which produce positive outcomes as it was called a â€Å"iPod alternative†. The highlights are equivalent to its past ancestor yet with higher limit as the number showed in the name and greater screen.â The latest discharge is the Zune HD. As its name proposes, one can purchase and lease top notch (HD) motion pictures and TV appears, play HD radio, download applications and games and surf the web on the Zune HD.Â

Paul Of Tarsus (Major Outline) Essays - Biblical People In Islam

Paul Of Tarsus (Major Outline) Explicit Purpose: Inform my crowd why Paul of the Bible despite everything establishes a connection with the present evangelists and instructors in varying backgrounds. Proposition Statement: He composed his most significant work in 57 A.D., his epistles are a piece of the smash hit work on the planet. Paul of Tarsus was probably the best speaker that have ever lived, and his works and discourse idiosyncrasies are as yet polished right up 'til today by ministers and laypeople the world over. Presentation: I. Foundation data of Paul and what drove him to turn into a definitive observer of Christ to the Gentiles. Body I. Paul's experience A. Paul was brought into the world a Jew in Tarsus a) Paul was a Roman resident by birth b) Paul was a tentmaker in terms of professional career B. Paul was Pharisee (A Jewish educator of the strictest request) He was a persecutor of the Christian confidence and straightforwardly executed individuals who proclaimed to know Jesus Christ as their own guardian angel. C. Paul's genuine name was Saul of Tarsus a) God struck him off his pony making a course for Damascus b) The Lord solicits him, Saul of Tarsus, for what reason does thou revile me? c) The Lord made Saul daze with scabs over his eyes d) Saul concurred that Jesus was the genuine Son of God and said that he would go to the Gentiles (Non-Jews) and lecture the expression of the Gospel of Christ. II. Paul was an extraordinary and persuasive author A. Paul composed 13 books of the New Testament a) The most significant was the letter to the Romans that he composed while he was in Corinth, Greece b) Poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge viewed Romans as, The most significant book in presence? c) Commentator Godet called it, The church building of the Christian confidence? d) Martin Luther composed, This epistle is the main piece of the New Testament, and the most perfect gospel?the more it is managed, the more valuable it becomes. III. Paul was an extraordinary speaker of his works and others compositions A. Paul safeguarded himself before numerous high positioning Roman and Greek authorities and won the most significant fights. a) Defended himself before Felix Felix scared of the rage of the Jews b) Accused before Festus by Jews c) Appeals to Rome when no blame is found d) Defends himself before Agrippa e) Agrippa can discover no deficiency, when Paul contends his case B. Paul guards himself and his lessons at the Grecian Areopagus an) Areopagus was the regarded Grecian open court discussion b) Epicureans and Stoics looked to bring him under the watchful eye of the court in light of his perspectives on their religion Court met on Mars' slope in Athens c) They were interested about Paul saying they venerated divine beings that they didn't have the foggiest idea c) Paul's safeguard is as yet the model for imparting the gospel to a that has no scriptural foundation d) He drew on his environmental factors by discussing the Athenians love of religion showed by their numerous icons e) Was discharged by court IV. Paul's works live on today A. His works are still perused and presented everywhere throughout the world a) His works are cited and concentrated right up 'til today End: Paul went from a physical work employment to being one of the most powerful scholars of this century and changed the way always that Jesus Christ my Lord would be contemplated and shown the world over. Discourse and Communcations

American Film History 1930-60

The boss mechanical advancement during the 1930s was the improvement of profound center cinematography. Profound center included the extension of profundity of field, bringing about pictures that kept up sharp concentration from objects in the extraordinary frontal area to those in the inaccessible foundation. Profound center was accomplished by recording with amazingly wideangled focal points whose openings had been halted down. This kind of cinematography was made conceivable by an assortment of improvements in related fields of film technology.In 1939 the presentation of focal point coatings, which allowed 75 percent all the more light to go through the perspective to the film inside the camera, empowered cinematographers to diminish the focal point opening an extra quit, encouraging more prominent picture definition. The consequences of these improvements can be seen in Orson Welles’ Citizen Kane (1941). This and different movies which were shot in outsides exploited gener ally short central length focal points and bounteous daylight to create ‘deep' pictures. As indicated by this new code, the film stock's more prominent affectability to the full scope of hues meant a more prominent realism.On Citizen Kane the Toland style is generally articulated, most efficiently and viably utilized, and most broadly perceived. In spite of the fact that he had been refining his strategies in the movies with Wyler and Ford, Toland had at this point agreeably to consolidate his specialized and elaborate interests inside a solitary picture. He saw Citizen Kane as an opportunity to investigate an enormous scope. In a June 1941 article in Popular Photography entitled â€Å"How I Broke the Rules on Citizen Kane†, Toland related that ‘the photographic methodology †¦was arranged and considered some time before the main camera turned', which was itself ‘most whimsical in Hollywood', where cinematographers for the most part have just a couple of days to plan to shoot a film. Robert L. Carringer, in his indepth sudy of the creation, composes that Welles and Toland ‘approached the film together in a feeling of progressive intensity', and that ‘Welles not just urged Toland to examination and tinker, he emphatically demanded it' (Nowell-Smith 45). The work showed something of a move to a progressively narrative style realism.Citizen Kane was, at that point, an open door for Toland to make colorful profound center related to his own work. Welles had come to Hollywood with no expert film understanding, and (as indicated by Welles) Toland had searched out the Kane task. After the shooting was finished, Toland was making careful effort to guarantee a few developments. For more noteworthy authenticity, he clarified, numerous sets were planned with roofs, which expected him to light from the floor. Since the sets were additionally profound, he depended on the conveying intensity of circular segment lamps.Furthermore, sin ce Welles and Toland had chosen to arrange activity top to bottom, Toland looked for incredible profundity of center by utilizing Super XX film, expanding the lighting levels, and utilizing optically covered wide-edge focal points (Bordwell 45). The outcome moved the customary furthest reaches of profound space. In yielding a profundity of field that stretched out from around eighteen creeps to unendingness, Toland's ‘pan-center's made it conceivable to have a sharp frontal area plane in medium shot or even close-up and still keep far off foundation planes in center. Fifty years on, Kane remains contentious.French pundit Andre Bazin, who saw it in 1946 simultaneously as Italian neo-authenticity, contended that its broad utilization of profound center advanced the truth of the extraordinary universe of the film, however ensuing pundits have noticed that the film is additionally exceptionally reluctant, counterfeit, and even extravagant. The utilization of profound center was no t remarkable, and executive of photography Gregg Toland had just explored different avenues regarding it on different creations. Welles' job as ‘author' of the film has additionally been fervently challenged, quite by Pauline Kael (1974), who contended, likely inaccurately, that the content was exclusively crafted by Herman J.Mankiewicz. In any case, regardless of whether Kane was not totally novel in its structures or procedures, it remains the way that these strategies are unbelievably coordinated in the film's intricate surface. Bazin, for instance, contended that Citizen Kane was a film of high caliber in that it was a film of authenticity. Authenticity was an adage of his stylish position. Be that as it may, the explanation which connects this aphorism with the particular stylish judgment of Citizen Kane raises issues. The authenticity of the film, Bazin contends, gets from its utilization of profound center photography and negligible cutting.Such strategies limit discont inuity of this present reality. The difficulty is this could be a meaning of authenticity as nonfragmentation, or an attestation that movies utilizing such strategies are seen as increasingly genuine. The last mentioned, in contrast to the previous, is available to experimental test, despite the fact that Bazin utilizes it as a selfevident tasteful judgment. Along these lines, in spite of the fact that there is nothing naturally amiss with the contention, it involves various sorts of articulations with subsequent various standards of adequacy.Bazin shares an extensive adoration for the accomplishments of Italian neo-authenticity; specifically. But Bazin once in a while falls into the snare of appearing to define a puritan stylish which will incorporate neo-authenticity to the detriment of all else. Dissimilar to Kracauer (officially, at any rate) he admits to various types of authenticity. Consequently, for instance, the qualification he draws between the ‘documentary' authent icity of Scarface and the ‘aesthetic' authenticity of Citizen Kane, the two structures purportedly finding their unification in La Terra Trema (Bordwell 90).This ability to discuss various sorts of authenticity can prompt issues in deciphering his position. In Signs and Meaning in the Cinema, Wollen berates two contemporary inheritors of Bazin's perspectives (Barr and Metz) over their restriction of Rossellini and Eisenstein. The miscreant for Bazin, he calls attention to, was not Eisenstein, yet German Expressionism. Be that as it may, the genuine issue is that at various occasions, and in various ways, Bazin involves the two positions. He begins life summoning a case like Kracauer's agreeable to a ‘purist' realism.But this demonstrates unreasonably restricting for his substantially more catholic tastes, thus he additionally builds up a second case as spatial authenticity. Lamentably, he never truly brings the two originations eye to eye; never truly settle the strains between them. It appears to be helpful here to investigate these rudiments of his contention: The authenticity of the film follows legitimately from its photographic nature. In addition to the fact that some marvels or some phenomenal thing on the screen not sabotage the truth of the picture, despite what might be expected, it is its most substantial justification.Illusion in the film isn't based all things considered in the auditorium on show implicitly acknowledged by the overall population; rather, contrariwise, it depends on the unavoidable authenticity of that which is appeared. All stunt work must be flawless in every single material regard on the screen. The 'undetectable man' must wear nightgown and smoke a cigarette (Bazin 108). Andre Bazin places Welles in his pantheon of pragmatist executives, alongside Renoir, Rossellini, De Sica, Stroheim, Flaherty, and even Murnau (whom he applauds for picking the moving camera over altering in the development of a large number of his filmic scenes).Yet Citizen Kane is likewise a film in the convention of German Expressionism. Like Murnau, Welles externalized the subjectivity of his characters (and particularly of Kane) by methods for mentally charged settings, intense camera points, twisting focal points, and perplexing camera developments (Tudor 56). The insane design of Xanadu in the fog wrapped shots toward the start of the film reviews Howard Hawks’ Scarface (1932). Close to the finish of the film both Susan and Kane are predominated by the larger than usual trimmings and sculpture that outfit Xanadu, and fill in as outside projections of Kane's internal deadness and thoughtless materialism.The enormous rooms through which their voices echoâ€they about need to yell at one another to be heardâ€reflect the separation that has developed between them. When Kane ventures into a tremendous blasting chimney and advises Susan that â€Å"Our home is here,† he allegorically turns into the host of d amnation. After Susan leaves him, Kane, presently totally alone, meanders past a structure of twofold reflecting mirrors which mirror his picture into endlessness. To the extent he looks, everything he can see are pictures of himself, an ideal physical portrayal for a man caught inside his own narcissism.Welles additionally utilized outrageous camera edges and odd camera developments related to his expressive mise-en-scene. In the time of its discharge, Citizen Kane was a profoundly trial filmâ€fully twenty years in front of its timeâ€and was generally perceived as such by American pundits. Resident Kane is doubtlessly the most celebrated and investigated of all English language films and, apparently, the best †in any event as estimated by occasional overviews of pundits and researchers. We saw that during the 1940s a pragmatist stylish to some degree adjusted traditional practice. This was considered as somewhat a ‘objective' verisimilitude, particularly of setting and lighting.Location shooting, taken related to calm (‘mood') lighting, characterized one unmistakable after war cinematographic practice. This training didn't generally damage traditional standards of causal and nonexclusive inspiration. This origination of ‘realism' likewise owed something to a normalization of profound center shooting. Certain attributes got regular to numerous ‘realistic' movies of the 1940s and 1950s. At long last, Bazin sees the two types of authenticity in spatial authenticity of Welles. Unquestionably Citizen Kane jelly the solidarity of room through Toland's profound concentrate photography.Certainly the cuts are limited by utilization of breaks down and joins over the soundtrack. In any case, Welles is, by the by, the genuine inheritor of expressionism, the authority in the twisting by camera point, the strange shadows once painted yet now made

Choosing Marathi Essay Topics

Choosing Marathi Essay Topics Ok, I Think I Understand Marathi Essay Topics, Now Tell Me About Marathi Essay Topics! Finding the most suitable arguments can help you prove your point and win. You will receive a total of 30 minutes to complete your paper. Do not be hesitant to ask questions if there are a number of unclear points. It can confuse him and become another headache to cope with. Get prepared to answer all these aspects if in the event you get this subject in the XAT Essay. The Essay Topics list is provided for English along with Hindi section. Well, the solution isn't too obvious here. To compose a terrific argumentative essay the students first must investigate several sides of the argument, which enables them to make an educated stance. Schools should not have anything to do with ads. Textbooks are obsolete and ought to be replaced by iPads. And you should prepare well all of the Important Essay Topics for Competitive Exams. Plenty of students put on a uni form. Thus, the essay for our staff it is simpler than ever. Writing a research paper even though may appear challenging is a considerable portion of routine student life. Ultimately, if you are supposed to write and essay but have very little knowledge or interest in the topic, don't forget that there are lots of custom essay writers which will gladly do the task for you. Make the usage of the suggested research paper topic ideas and you'll be prosperous. Inside my experience, descriptive essays are only difficult in regards to deciding just what things to write about. Like, within this essay we've given a concise introduction about Now ongoing with it here will come the most important body of the essay, inside this most important section you need to be descriptive and compose all your points, arguments, views in a suitable manner. You may find that a lot of the topics can be adapted to suit almost any sort of writing assignment. They're a chance to do some creative writing, even in the event the essay topic you decide on looks pretty boring at first. The Benefits of Marathi Essay Topics The SSC MTS Descriptive Paper will be run soon. Trade Facilitation is a significant component of AAGC Framework. But What About Marathi Essay Topics? Therefore, here are a few basic tips that will help you in writing of good descriptive essay. There are a lot of intriguing topics that could be become a persuasive essay if you take the opportu nity to think about doing it. It would be less difficult to learn more about the theme and write about doing it. 3 page essay on the large depression. You should understand completely that you're not writing a descriptive essay. You should utilize APA reference tools to aid in writing your essay the right way or employ an expert essay writer that could write the essay working with the APA reference tools. In addition, it provides the explanations for why the writer chose the topic. Luckily, you have our top-class group of writers who can assist students and teach them how to pick the most suitable essay direction. If you're confused with a selection of interesting topics to research online, it's far better to choose what interests you the most. Also, do not forget that you'll have to offer some factual evidence for your opinion (after all, any academic paper ought to be supported by academically recognized sources), so don't go for subjects which are purely opinionated and don't have any possibility of justification. You have to write a minumum of one research paper in a semester for a lot of the subjects. There's well-known that you won't have the ability to write a great insightful research paper if you're not interested in the subject overall and in the subject particularly. You will need to reveal the readers that you master of the subject and not a confused newbie who doesn't understand what he or she's speaking about. If you're in search of the topic that would be well worth exploring, focus on the little prompts presented for you in this informative article. It's important to understand that essay topics are just basic ideas that leave you pondering a notion that might be a huge deal to somebody else. When you are requested to opt for a great topic for your argument, start with something you're acquainted with. In this column, we're likely to be sharing some of the most important and important tips that can help you realize the best outcomes. Sure, today it appears that getting your hands on any sort of information is straightforward. In high school, you're supposed to choose the sort of topic you are going to be in a position to dig into that is, it's necessary for you to make sure to can discover enough info on the topic. It is vital to protect against the kids from the dust in the home. We've provided very distinctive and general topics essay which are usually assigned to students in the school. Please choose a method of reading classic books are located at cram. In some schools and colleges, senior students take the duty of teaching as a way to clearly show their appreciation for those teachers.

The Theoretical Perspectives Of Sociology - 911 Words

Symbolic interactionism is the first of the three theoretical perspectives in Sociology. This avenue of examining sociological factors looks at more personal interactions than the other two perspectives. Sociologist observe patterns and behaviors of these smaller interactions to define, or redefine, the use and evolution of symbols in society. Some sociologist see this approach as being too focused on one person’s view and take on society rather than trying to understand society as a functioning whole (Turner, Symbolic Interaction Theory†). One example of symbolic interactionism put forth by Erving Goffman (1974) uses Roger, an engineer, as an example. Even though he and his parents believe that Roger is an amazing engineer, their perspective would not take into account that Roger’s boss found his skills to be insufficient and fired him. Without combining these two perspectives, that of Roger and his parents and of his boss, there is not a complete understanding of Roger and his skills, or lack there of. The following two perspectives in Sociology examine society at a larger scale. The second theoretical perspective in Sociology is functional analysis. Functional analysis is used to identify and define relationships between different aspects of society. These relationships are determined to be either functional, which is beneficial to society, or dysfunctional, which is not beneficial. The two previous labels are then broken down further and actions can be deemedShow MoreRelatedSociology And The Theoretical Perspectives Of Sociology1710 Words   |  7 PagesSociology is seen every day in our lives as humans, it is the scientific study of human behavior and society. The idea of sociology has not been around forever. The term sociology comes from a man named Auguste Comte who takes credit for this study. Not only did Comte come up with this idea but there were several things that influenced the study of Sociology and how we view it today. Th ese influences are called the origins of sociology and they include; new idea or discipline, Industrial RevolutionRead MoreTheoretical Perspectives On Sociology And Sociological Perspectives1357 Words   |  6 PagesTheoretical Perspectives in Sociology In the world of sociology there are many different ways that humans interact with the world. Although we are all human beings, we do not always see the world the same way that others do. Even though not many are aware of the different ways they can see the world, there are three sociological perspectives. Using structural functionalism, the conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism one will be able to decide which view best represents the way they see thisRead MoreExample Of The Three Theoretical Perspectives Of Sociology1044 Words   |  5 Pages Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology Nanesha Greathouse HCC Abstract This paper describes the three major theoretical perspectives in Sociology: symbolic interactionism, functionalism and conflict theory. Sociologists developed these theoretical perspectives to help explain the way individuals conduct themselves and to help us to gain a better understanding of the world around us. Throughout this paper, the reader will learn about each perspective and its origin as well as additionalRead MoreTheoretical Perspectives Essay: . Sociology Is The Scientific990 Words   |  4 PagesTheoretical Perspectives Essay: Sociology is the scientific study of how humans and groups behave socially and how they, as a whole, change over time. Through the examination of the scientific side of sociology, the understanding of the social world can be shown more clearly. Within the study of sociology, there are two main branches: micro and macro. Micro sociology is looking at the individual and social interaction. Macro sociology focuses beyond social interaction and seeks to examine systemsRead MoreTheoretical Frameworks Of Sociology And Sociological Perspective Essay918 Words   |  4 Pages What does Sociology have to do with me? Why do people think or act differently than you? Why are some people rich while others are poor? Why do some commit crimes, break laws and others do not? These are all some of the questions students need an answer to, which led them to enrol to this course. â€Å"Sociology is the scientific study of individuals in groups, organizations, cultures and societies; and of the inte rrelationships of individuals, group, organizations, cultures and societies.† (KennedyRead MoreMain Theoretical Perspectives Within Sociology1330 Words   |  6 Pagesneighborhood. Theories try to explain why groups of people do certain things, and why a society changes and how it works. There are three main theoretical perspectives within sociology. These perspectives are functionalism, symbolic interactionism and, conflict theory. To understand phenomena as to the ways groups are formed it is important to follow theoretical perspectives. A theory is a general statement about how some parts of the world fit together and how they work. 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Sociologists study everything from the micro level of analysis of small social patterns to the â€Å"big picture† which is the macro level of analysis of large social patterns. Sociologists employ three major theoretical perspectives in sociology today. They are the structural-functionalist perspective, the conflict perspective, and the symbolic interactionism. The structural-functionalist perspective is done at a macro level and its focus is onRead MoreOutline and Assess the Five Main Theoretical Perspectives of Sociology2024 Words   |  9 PagesOutline and assess the five main theoretical perspectives of sociology Marxism Marxism is the political philosophy and practice resulting from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Any political practice or theory that is based on an interpretation of the works of Marx and Engels may be called Marxism. Under capitalism, the proletariat, the working class own only their capacity to work meaning they have the ability only to sell their own labour. According to Marx a class is definedRead MoreMax Weber And His Contributions1566 Words   |  7 Pageswas considered as one of the three founders of sociology, because he had acquired many ideas that profoundly influenced social theory and social research. For sociology as a whole, Weber’s study of sociology is theoretical-historical, because he had the idea of rationalization based on his observations from the Protestant Work Ethic and other societies to analyze modern societies. This led to the development of one of the main theoretical perspectives, known as interactionism; Weber had supported

My Life Of A Child - 1567 Words

A child imitates its parents while it grows up, thus making them copy or imprint their actions, becoming child’s point of reference as it matures. I being no exception did the same. I looked up to my parents especially my mother, a high school teacher for Chemistry having a strong background in biology as my point of reference. She became my educational pillar and the ember of interest for science kindled right from my childhood days. This ember of interest turned into flames when I entered my high school. The role of my alma mater S.A. Jain Sr. Model school is unforgettable in moulding me a unique personality. My schooling provided me with the much needed information for a scientific approach in life. It taught me that just having†¦show more content†¦The educational motto of the college â€Å"Thorough knowledge of fundamental principles and expertise in core topics† helped me set a firm foot in the door. Apart from strong foundation in theoretical knowledge, I also participated in academic research project entitled â€Å"Process Engineering of Xylanolytic Enzymes from Different Bacterial Isolates for Commercial Application†. We, a team of two students isolated potent cellulase free xylanase producing bacterial strains and produced enzymes in vitro for use as an environmentally harmless pulp bleaching agent in an industrial outlook. The theme of the project was to reduce pollution load on the environment caused by bleaching agents used in paper and pulp industry . The research project helped me hone my critical and analytical thinking and stimulated me to pursue advanced scientific knowledge. As a part of academics, I have also undergone one month training experience at Panacea Biotech. Ltd., a leading pharmaceutical company in India for two consecutive years. I learned to practice professional skills with a sense of time management, concurrence and teamwork. It is during this phase of my educational training that I was attracted towards the core pharmaceutical sciences. As describing myself, I would say that I hold

Slaughter house Five Critical Analysis free essay sample

Kurt Vonnegut uses Slaughterhouse-Five as a way to cope with his experience in the Dresden massacre. By taking the narrator’s voice, and by employing the themes of time and fate, Kurt Vonnegut seeks to reach out to the world, exposing to humanity the horrific aftermath of war. During World War II, Kurt Vonnegut was captured by the Germans and sent to the Dresden, â€Å"an open city with no significant targets,† to be held as a prisoner of war. On February 13, 1945, the Allied forces dropped incendiary bombs on the city, which created a â€Å"firestorm† that killed an estimated 135,000 people, and destroyed the city (Cox). When asked his purpose for writing, Vonnegut stated that he â€Å"agrees with Stalin and Hitler and Mussolini that the writer should serve his society,† however he disagreed with how they serve, saying, â€Å"they should be- and biologically have to be- agents of change† (Merril). In witnessing the massacre, Vonnegut felt as though it was his duty as a writer who had witnessed it first hand to write about this horrific massacre. We will write a custom essay sample on Slaughter house Five Critical Analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Remaining the single heaviest air strike in military history, Dresden is relatively ignored in histories eyes (Cox). Kurt Vonnegut takes an anti-war stance in order to enlighten the world of the unnecessary strike and to emphasize, as someone who witnessed it first hand, the horrors of war. The book uses the massacre as a foundation of the main conflicts in the novel, with every other event, simply as fleeting as a passage of time. In most novels, the author speaks through his characters, using the characters to represent the author’s overall message. However, by directly addressing the readers, Kurt Vonnegut conveys a much deeper personal significance behind his experience in Dresden. Twenty-three years after the massacre, Vonnegut finds himself â€Å"outlining the Dresden story many times† resulting, finally, in the writing of this book (Vonnegut 5). After so many years, this book represents his attempt to â€Å"come to terms with the horror of Dresden† (Vanderwerken). Yet, in the twenty-three years, he has not figured out what to say about it, as he expresses his struggles, â€Å"I have written five thousand pages by now, and thrown them all away† (Vonnegut 15). Ironically, Vonnegut compares the Dresden firebombing to a bird’s song, â€Å"Poo-tee-weet† (Vonnegut 19). He believes that â€Å"everything is supposed to be quiet after a massacre†¦except for the birds,† who say, â€Å"all there is to say about a massacre, things like â€Å"Poo-tee-weet† (Vonnegut 19). In this, Kurt Vonnegut emphasizes that nothing intelligent can be said about a massacre, only gibberish. Gibberish, in which even the birds cannot comprehend, let alone the men that fought in the war. Throughout his entire introduction, Kurt Vonnegut does not go into detail of the massacre, instead he emphasizes its aftermath. By focusing on the response (or lack of their of) and the affects of the massacre, he enhances overall power of his message. Vonnegut has played down the immediate impact of the war in order to make a â€Å"powerful little statement about the kinds of social attitudes responsible for war and its atrocities† (Merril). The solid, personal foundation of the book, which is the Dresden airstrike, builds a strong framework for the rest of the book and the moral statement it’s trying to show. Although this soon becomes covered up by the fantasy of the rest of the book, it is still very much there. Just as the individual impacts of war gets quickly covered up by the overall picture of war, they are still very much there, haunting the soldiers, even twenty-three years later. Kurt Vonnegut ends his introduction by introducing the beginning and end of the book: It begins like this: Listen: Billy Pilgrim has come unstuck in time. It ends like this: Poo-tee-weet? (Vonnegut 22) He tells us the beginning and the end, forgetting what is in the middle, jumping through time in order to introduce our main character, Billy Pilgrim. His writing shifts from the recollection of memories into short, fragmented flashbacks and flash-forwards. He explains this structure to his publisher, saying, â€Å"It’s so short and jumbled and jangles, Sam, because there is nothing intelligent to say about a massacre† (Cox). We are then emersed in the world of time travel as we become unstuck in time and travel with Billy throughout his memories Billy Pilgrim has become unstuck in time. Traveling back and forth throughout his life, Vonnegut introduces the theme of time in order to better explain the aftermath war. Reinforcing the concept of time itself, Billy is abducted by aliens known as the Tralfamadorians. Here, on the planet of Tralfamadore, time is not linear and does not take place in a sequential timeline of events. Instead, everything is simultaneous, occurring at the same time everywhere, â€Å"all moments, past, present, and future, always have existed, and always will exist† (Vonnegut 27). The Tralfamadorians are able to look at all moments like â€Å"looking at a stretch of the Rocky Mountains† (Vonnegut 27). They can choose to look at the entire landscape, or rather, the big picture, or they can focus in on one specific piece. This creates an important contrast with how humans view their lives, and how the Tralfamadorians view theirs. Humans are too focused on the minute details of the day-to-day things, instead, they need to step back and look at the big picture, or focus on the happy moments. The Tralfamadorians believe, in fact, that the way humans look at time is an â€Å"allusion† and that â€Å"like beads on a string, once a moment is gone, it is gone forever† (Vonnegut 27). On Tralfamadore, nothing is ever gone forever, which brings into consideration the concept and the importance of death. On Earth, humans believe that death is the most permanent thing, yet, on Tralfamadore, it is as insignificant as a blade of grass in the mountain landscape. There is no longer any sense of finality in their concept of death, and once they see a corpse, â€Å" all [they] think is that the dead person is in a bad condition in that particular moment, but that same person is just fine in plenty other moments† (Vonnegut 27). On Tralfamadore, they have managed to render death almost entirely unimportant, something that on Earth is considered almost impossible, that is, with the exception of war. In war, the individual solders no longer matter, deaths can occur by the thousands and a battle can still be considered â€Å"won. In Dresden, the mindless slaughtering of thousands of innocent people has somehow, in the eyes of war, been considered â€Å"necessary† for the greater good. Billy Pilgrim’s life literally began to flash before his eyes, as he was forced to relive his most traumatic memories. One of the first few times he became unstuck in time, Billy â€Å"began to swing grandly through the full arc of his life, pass ing into death, which was violet light. There wasn’t anybody else there, or anything. There was just violet light- and a hum† (Vonnegut 43). Experiencing the sudden, finality of death as calmly as any other step in life’s process is reserved for those of whom who were exposed to the horrors of massacres or wars. While stuck traveling through time Billy, â€Å"has no control of where he is going next†¦He is in a constant stage of fright, he says, because he never knows what part of his life he is going to have to act out next† (Vonnegut 23). Billy keeps being torn from his life, as he loses a sense of something that everything is innately given: reality. He has lost his sense of self and begins to feel the need to â€Å"act out† his life. Billy’s loss of identity and loss of control connects to the life of a soldier after war. After experiencing truly horrific situations over and over again, many solders begin to question who they are and the purpose of their life, leaving an empty hole of uncertainty where it used to be. If all of time was spontaneous with everything already mapped out, and death, therefore rendered insignificant, what then, is the purpose of action? If one could not change his destiny, would he have anything to fight for anymore? The last theme of free will questions action and inaction and its affects on life. As Billy begins to adjust to his life on Tralfamadore, he begins to question one of the greatest meanings of life, asking, â€Å"why me† (Vonnegut 76). The Tralfamadorians reply, â€Å"Why you? Why us for that matter? Why anything? Because this moment simply is. Have you ever seen bugs trapped in amber? Well here we are, Mr. Pilgrim, trapped in the amber of this moment. There is no why† (Vonnegut 77). In essence, we have no control of our destiny; we are left to watch as our lives play out before us, immobilized to change anything. According to Cox, â€Å"such a philosophy can, of ourse, lead to being passive and resigned rather than trying to oppose evil and make the world better. † For Billy, this realization resulted in living a life of inaction, for, â€Å"among the things Billy Pilgrim could not change were the past, the present, and the future† (Vonnegut 60). In fact, almost every character in Slaughterhouse-five has resolved themselves to inaction a nd slothfulness, even when their lives are on the line. Wandering across enemy lines, suddenly, Billy, Weary, and some others find themselves being shot at by German snipers. Seeing that the shot intended for him missed, â€Å"Billy stood there politely, giving the marksman another chance,† after all, â€Å"it was his addled understanding of the rules of warfare that the marksman should be given another chance (Vonnegut 33). Billy Pilgrim essentially looked death in the eye, and simply shrugged his shoulders in indifference. His entire time in war, Roland Weary had been trying to keep Billy alive, â€Å"he had been saving Billy’s life for days†¦it was absolutely necessary that cruelty be used, because Billy wouldn’t do anything to save himself† (Vonnegut 34). Instead of being fueled by the pursuit of freedom and the survival of their country, these soldiers seem beaten down, so much to the point of resolved hopelessness and acceptance of death as a consequence of their inaction. The idea of war, fighting for a common cause, for the survival of the country, and for the future generations has been crushed in this book. Nothing about war is beneficial, and it is reflected in Vonnegut’s characters. When asked about their moral inaction, Vonnegut responded, saying, â€Å"There are almost no characters in this story, and almost no dramatic confrontations, because most of the people in it are so sick and so much the listless playthings of enormous forces† (Cox). The author’s commentary once again confirms the deflating, and dehumanizing aspect of war. There are no characters in this story, simply because there are no true humans in war. No man can retain his self-identity after witnessing and experiencing the horrific aspects associated with war a massacre. Kurt Vonnegut employs the theme of free will to emphasize the lack of humanity regarding war. In this, we see a personal struggle of his surface. Like every other person who has been in war, Kurt Vonnegut came back a different man, a man who no longer recognized himself. Yet, he finds a certain resolved acceptance that this pain, the pain of war and the pain of suffering, is engrained into our nature. In his introduction, he met with a man named Harrison Star who asked him if his book is â€Å"an anti-war book,† when Vonnegut confirmed, he replied, â€Å"you know what I say to people when I hear they’re writing an anti-war book? I say why don’t you write an anti-glacier book instead,† Vonnegut replied, â€Å"I believe that, too† (Vonnegut 3). There will always be suffering, murder, massacres and wars; its part of our human nature. To revert back to a world where there is no longer suffering, one must trace their roots all the way back to â€Å"two perfect people named Adam and Eve† (Vonnegut 74). As a somewhat comforting sentiment, Vonnegut begins to cope with his war experiences simply by understanding that many people have been in his place before him, and there will be many after him. After witnessing so much tragedy in war, Kurt Vonnegut wrote Slaughterhouse-Five as a way to cope with what he lived through during the war and as a way to reach out to humanity and induce understanding of the after affects of war. Witnessing firsthand the mindless slaughter of thousands of innocent lives in the Dresden massacre, Vonnegut felt as though it was his duty as a writer to write about it, and hopefully, bring awareness to the horrors of war. Published during the height of the Vietnam War, Slaughterhouse-Five did just that. Cox) At this time, anti-war protests were beginning to circle the country and, as a result, â€Å"struck such a chord with the reading public and [it] made its author a cultural icon† (Cox). Slaughterhouse-Five no doubt played a role in the public realization of the â€Å"horrors of war (and American responsibility for some of those horrors)† Slaughterhouse-Five’s enormous impact and powerful moral statement will continue to stand the test of time, remaining a â€Å"masterly novel†¦of compassion,† as fate would have it (Cox). Slaughter house Five Critical Analysis free essay sample TitanCoping with Porn Stars and Plungers Inside a fantasy world of time travel, aliens, and porn stars, Kurt Vonnegut delivers an iron hard moral statement on the aftermath of war in his novel, Slaughterhouse-Five. We follow the fictional character, Billy Pilgrim, as he struggles, like Vonnegut did, to discover the purpose of life. Kurt Vonnegut uses Slaughterhouse-Five as a way to cope with his experience in the Dresden massacre. By taking the narrator’s voice, and by employing the themes of time and fate, Kurt Vonnegut seeks to reach out to the world, exposing to humanity the horrific aftermath of war. During World War II, Kurt Vonnegut was captured by the Germans and sent to the Dresden, â€Å"an open city with no significant targets,† to be held as a prisoner of war. On February 13, 1945, the Allied forces dropped incendiary bombs on the city, which created a â€Å"firestorm† that killed an estimated 135,000 people, and destroyed the city (Cox). We will write a custom essay sample on Slaughter house Five Critical Analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When asked his purpose for writing, Vonnegut stated that he â€Å"agrees with Stalin and Hitler and Mussolini that the writer should serve his society,† however he disagreed with how they serve, saying, â€Å"they should be- and biologically have to be- agents of change† (Merril). In witnessing the massacre, Vonnegut felt as though it was his duty as a writer who had witnessed it first hand to write about this horrific massacre. Remaining the single heaviest air strike in military history, Dresden is relatively ignored in histories eyes (Cox). Kurt Vonnegut takes an anti-war stance in order to enlighten the world of the unnecessary strike and to emphasize, as someone who witnessed it first hand, the horrors of war. The book uses the massacre as a foundation of the main conflicts in the novel, with every other event, simply as fleeting as a passage of time. In most novels, the author speaks through his characters, using the characters to represent the author’s overall message. However, by directly addressing the readers, Kurt Vonnegut conveys a much deeper personal significance behind his experience in Dresden. Twenty-three years after the massacre, Vonnegut finds himself â€Å"outlining the Dresden story many times† resulting, finally, in the writing of this book (Vonnegut 5). After so many years, this book represents his attempt to â€Å"come to terms with the horror of Dresden† (Vanderwerken). Yet, in the twenty-three years, he has not figured out what to say about it, as he expresses his struggles, â€Å"I have written five thousand pages by now, and thrown them all away† (Vonnegut 15). Ironically, Vonnegut compares the Dresden firebombing to a bird’s song, â€Å"Poo-tee-weet† (Vonnegut 19). He believes that â€Å"everything is supposed to be quiet after a massacre†¦except for the birds,† who say, â€Å"all there is to say about a massacre, things like â€Å"Poo-tee-weet† (Vonnegut 19). In this, Kurt Vonnegut emphasizes that nothing intelligent can be said about a massacre, only gibberish. Gibberish, in which even the birds cannot comprehend, let alone the men that fought in the war. Throughout his entire introduction, Kurt Vonnegut does not go into detail of the massacre, instead he emphasizes its aftermath. By focusing on the response (or lack of their of) and the affects of the massacre, he enhances overall power of his message. Vonnegut has played down the immediate impact of the war in order to make a â€Å"powerful little statement about the kinds of social attitudes responsible for war and its atrocities† (Merril). The solid, personal foundation of the book, which is the Dresden airstrike, builds a strong framework for the rest of the book and the moral statement it’s trying to show. Although this soon becomes covered up by the fantasy of the rest of the book, it is still very much there. Just as the individual impacts of war gets quickly covered up by the overall picture of war, they are still very much there, haunting the soldiers, even twenty-three years later. Kurt Vonnegut ends his introduction by introducing the beginning and end of the book: It begins like this: Listen: Billy Pilgrim has come unstuck in time. It ends like this: Poo-tee-weet? (Vonnegut 22) He tells us the beginning and the end, forgetting what is in the middle, jumping through time in order to introduce our main character, Billy Pilgrim. His writing shifts from the recollection of memories into short, fragmented flashbacks and flash-forwards. He explains this structure to his publisher, saying, â€Å"It’s so short and jumbled and jangles, Sam, because there is nothing intelligent to say about a massacre† (Cox). We are then emersed in the world of time travel as we become unstuck in time and travel with Billy throughout his memories Billy Pilgrim has become unstuck in time. Traveling back and forth throughout his life, Vonnegut introduces the theme of time in order to better explain the aftermath war. Reinforcing the concept of time itself, Billy is abducted by aliens known as the Tralfamadorians. Here, on the planet of Tralfamadore, time is not linear and does not take place in a sequential timeline of events. Instead, everything is simultaneous, occurring at the same time everywhere, â€Å"all moments, past, present, and future, always have existed, and always will exist† (Vonnegut 27). The Tralfamadorians are able to look at all moments like â€Å"looking at a stretch of the Rocky Mountains† (Vonnegut 27). They can choose to look at the entire landscape, or rather, the big picture, or they can focus in on one specific piece. This creates an important contrast with how humans view their lives, and how the Tralfamadorians view theirs. Humans are too focused on the minute details of the day-to-day things, instead, they need to step back and look at the big picture, or focus on the happy moments. The Tralfamadorians believe, in fact, that the way humans look at time is an â€Å"allusion† and that â€Å"like beads on a string, once a moment is gone, it is gone forever† (Vonnegut 27). On Tralfamadore, nothing is ever gone forever, which brings into consideration the concept and the importance of death. On Earth, humans believe that death is the most permanent thing, yet, on Tralfamadore, it is as insignificant as a blade of grass in the mountain landscape. There is no longer any sense of finality in their concept of death, and once they see a corpse, â€Å" all [they] think is that the dead person is in a bad condition in that particular moment, but that same person is just fine in plenty other moments† (Vonnegut 27). On Tralfamadore, they have managed to render death almost entirely unimportant, something that on Earth is considered almost impossible, that is, with the exception of war. In war, the individual solders no longer matter, deaths can occur by the thousands and a battle can still be considered â€Å"won. In Dresden, the mindless slaughtering of thousands of innocent people has somehow, in the eyes of war, been considered â€Å"necessary† for the greater good. Billy Pilgrim’s life literally began to flash before his eyes, as he was forced to relive his most traumatic memories. One of the first few times he became unstuck in time, Billy â€Å"began to swing grandly through the full arc of his life, pass ing into death, which was violet light. There wasn’t anybody else there, or anything. There was just violet light- and a hum† (Vonnegut 43). Experiencing the sudden, finality of death as calmly as any other step in life’s process is reserved for those of whom who were exposed to the horrors of massacres or wars. While stuck traveling through time Billy, â€Å"has no control of where he is going next†¦He is in a constant stage of fright, he says, because he never knows what part of his life he is going to have to act out next† (Vonnegut 23). Billy keeps being torn from his life, as he loses a sense of something that everything is innately given: reality. He has lost his sense of self and begins to feel the need to â€Å"act out† his life. Billy’s loss of identity and loss of control connects to the life of a soldier after war. After experiencing truly horrific situations over and over again, many solders begin to question who they are and the purpose of their life, leaving an empty hole of uncertainty where it used to be. If all of time was spontaneous with everything already mapped out, and death, therefore rendered insignificant, what then, is the purpose of action? If one could not change his destiny, would he have anything to fight for anymore? The last theme of free will questions action and inaction and its affects on life. As Billy begins to adjust to his life on Tralfamadore, he begins to question one of the greatest meanings of life, asking, â€Å"why me† (Vonnegut 76). The Tralfamadorians reply, â€Å"Why you? Why us for that matter? Why anything? Because this moment simply is. Have you ever seen bugs trapped in amber? Well here we are, Mr. Pilgrim, trapped in the amber of this moment. There is no why† (Vonnegut 77). In essence, we have no control of our destiny; we are left to watch as our lives play out before us, immobilized to change anything. According to Cox, â€Å"such a philosophy can, of ourse, lead to being passive and resigned rather than trying to oppose evil and make the world better. † For Billy, this realization resulted in living a life of inaction, for, â€Å"among the things Billy Pilgrim could not change were the past, the present, and the future† (Vonnegut 60). In fact, almost every character in Slaughterhouse-five has resolved themselves to inaction a nd slothfulness, even when their lives are on the line. Wandering across enemy lines, suddenly, Billy, Weary, and some others find themselves being shot at by German snipers. Seeing that the shot intended for him missed, â€Å"Billy stood there politely, giving the marksman another chance,† after all, â€Å"it was his addled understanding of the rules of warfare that the marksman should be given another chance (Vonnegut 33). Billy Pilgrim essentially looked death in the eye, and simply shrugged his shoulders in indifference. His entire time in war, Roland Weary had been trying to keep Billy alive, â€Å"he had been saving Billy’s life for days†¦it was absolutely necessary that cruelty be used, because Billy wouldn’t do anything to save himself† (Vonnegut 34). Instead of being fueled by the pursuit of freedom and the survival of their country, these soldiers seem beaten down, so much to the point of resolved hopelessness and acceptance of death as a consequence of their inaction. The idea of war, fighting for a common cause, for the survival of the country, and for the future generations has been crushed in this book. Nothing about war is beneficial, and it is reflected in Vonnegut’s characters. When asked about their moral inaction, Vonnegut responded, saying, â€Å"There are almost no characters in this story, and almost no dramatic confrontations, because most of the people in it are so sick and so much the listless playthings of enormous forces† (Cox). The author’s commentary once again confirms the deflating, and dehumanizing aspect of war. There are no characters in this story, simply because there are no true humans in war. No man can retain his self-identity after witnessing and experiencing the horrific aspects associated with war a massacre. Kurt Vonnegut employs the theme of free will to emphasize the lack of humanity regarding war. In this, we see a personal struggle of his surface. Like every other person who has been in war, Kurt Vonnegut came back a different man, a man who no longer recognized himself. Yet, he finds a certain resolved acceptance that this pain, the pain of war and the pain of suffering, is engrained into our nature. In his introduction, he met with a man named Harrison Star who asked him if his book is â€Å"an anti-war book,† when Vonnegut confirmed, he replied, â€Å"you know what I say to people when I hear they’re writing an anti-war book? I say why don’t you write an anti-glacier book instead,† Vonnegut replied, â€Å"I believe that, too† (Vonnegut 3). There will always be suffering, murder, massacres and wars; its part of our human nature. To revert back to a world where there is no longer suffering, one must trace their roots all the way back to â€Å"two perfect people named Adam and Eve† (Vonnegut 74). As a somewhat comforting sentiment, Vonnegut begins to cope with his war experiences simply by understanding that many people have been in his place before him, and there will be many after him. After witnessing so much tragedy in war, Kurt Vonnegut wrote Slaughterhouse-Five as a way to cope with what he lived through during the war and as a way to reach out to humanity and induce understanding of the after affects of war. Witnessing firsthand the mindless slaughter of thousands of innocent lives in the Dresden massacre, Vonnegut felt as though it was his duty as a writer to write about it, and hopefully, bring awareness to the horrors of war. Published during the height of the Vietnam War, Slaughterhouse-Five did just that. Cox) At this time, anti-war protests were beginning to circle the country and, as a result, â€Å"struck such a chord with the reading public and [it] made its author a cultural icon† (Cox). Slaughterhouse-Five no doubt played a role in the public realization of the â€Å"horrors of war (and American responsibility for some of those horrors)† Slaughterhouse-Five’s enormous impact and powerful moral statement will continue to stand th e test of time, remaining a â€Å"masterly novel†¦of compassion,† as fate would have it (Cox).

Regaining a healthy shape Essays - Androgens, Anabolic Steroids

Facts on regaining healthy shape 3 Biotest Tribex was one of the first innovators of testosterone boosters. It has been around for Almost a decade. They have always been the top choice for many professional athletes. It is known for its safety and effectiveness. It provides a mix of high quality ingredients that, will not give you any unnecessary side effects nor will it give you problems when passing any drug screening. This is an all natural substance and was designed to boost your own natural testosterone. Massages and stretching can minimize cramps and their effects. Monitoring blood flow and your heart rate, are tips given by anyone who looking to get back into shape. Things to remember injuries can happen if you go to deep into exercise without leading up to it. My body is completely transformed. I?ve been able to gain muscle mass without losing weight While increasing stamina, flexibility and visual acuity. Dealing with cramps can be very difficult, But hydration is highly important. Low resistance movements can help. This is a, process like climbing a ladder, one step at a time. A person who is trying to regain a healthy lifestyle after a period away from activity will find that it takes time and determination follow by scheduling and preparation.

Nineteen Eighty - Four Test Response Essays - Nineteen Eighty-Four

Nineteen Eighty - Four Test Response Essays - Nineteen Eighty-Four Nineteen Eighty - Four Test Response Nineteen Eighty - Four TEST RESPONSE: TOPIC THREE (3) In the appendix of Nineteen Eighty-Four George Orwell warns against the enormous power a regime can hold once it has control of the language. Winston, on the other hand, believes he is free as long as he can hold on the mathematical axiom, 2+2=4. Unfortunately, Winston grossly underestimates the sheer power held be Oceanias totalitarian regime. With the Inner Party at the helm, Oceanian society has been deliberately drawn down to a deep, inescapable socioeconomic morass, with Party exercising its conscious aim of nurturing a state of unfreedom and inequality. Having learnt a great deal from totalitarian regimes that had failed in the past, the Inner Party became a small ruling group that was determined to create a societal structure that would ensure the Party maintained a permanent stronghold over Oceania and its people. Unlike their predecessors, the Inner Party was comprised of people who were less avaricious, less tempted by luxury, hungrier for pure power, and above all, more conscious of what they were doing and more intent on crushing opposition. From this steely resolve of the Inner Party to be the eternal guardians of power in Oceania stems the wide and varied sources of truth and power held be the totalitarian regime. Collectively, these sources present a frightening combination that, fundamentally, serves to destroy the essence of the human spirit and to ensure the ruling group an endless reign of power. As Orwell details in the appendix of the novel, control over language is one of the major sources of truth and power held by Oceanias totalitarian regime. The introduction and steady implementation of Newspeak as the language of choice for Party members, meant that the Party effectively assumed control of the boundaries of human expression and thought. The elimination of words and phrases considered unfavourable to the Party and its ideals made it extremely difficult to express conflicting or derogatory views towards the Party. And, with this suppression of free thought through language, the Party is also able to eliminate unwanted ideas, emotions, and ideals associated with those words. The embodiment of the slogan Ignorance is Strength is another source of power for the totalitarian regime in Oceania. The Party exploits the basic idea that ignorant people are content people; simply because they have no standard of comparison. Although life is far from rosy for members of the Outer Party, they are, nevertheless, satisfied with their existence. Primary reasons for this are that Party members are led to believe that standards of living are constantly improving, and that their cooperation is imperative for the continual war effort to succeed. Thus, the Party achieves an assurance to their stronghold over members by eliminating feelings of dissent and dissatisfaction towards the Party with imposition of obligation. Another unmistakable source of power for the Inner Party is their thorough and seemingly infallible surveillance and compliance network, comprised of the Thought Police, omnipresent telescreens, Youth League Spies and the mutual fear of the consequences of unorthodoxy, which virtually ensures widespread conformity. And, since the party has comprehensive control of the present, they also have an equally extensive control over the past, and thus truth. All historical records and print media is endlessly fabricated and tailored to conform with the Partys current position, further enhancing the Partys power over the people. Another important source of power for the ruling group is war. In becoming continuous, war has ceased to exist in Oceanian society. And, as it consumes the products of human labour that would otherwise be used to increase the standard of living for Outer Party members, war ensures the permanence of the current order in Oceania. The abolition of interpersonal relationships, the destruction of family, and the removal of all endearing emotion from the sexual act left widespread insecurity, which the Party exploits to nurture a mutual emotional attachment to Big Brother. However, none of the aforementioned ploys of Oceanias totalitarian regime would be possible without the indoctrination of Party members with the skills of doublethink and crimestop. Particularly doublethink, which renders Party members infinitely malleable to the will of the Party, thus ensuring that the Partys goal of permanent power seems infallible.

THE ANALYZING AND INTERPRETATION OF MOVIES Essay

THE ANALYZING AND INTERPRETATION OF MOVIES - Essay Example Analyzing a movie is especially essential in writing a carefully planned review of it. Furthermore, the pleasure of analyzing a work of an expert and well-known moviemaker can help you take pleasure in a film to a different level on the whole. It’s all a matter of perception. Opportunely or inopportunely, skilled moviemakers do not frequently share the perception of the viewers. Hence, it is important that one appreciates the essence of another’s point of view. There are numerous things about a film which can be analyzed and interpreted to obtain the best idea about what a movie is all about. Movies can be analyzed and interpreted in innumerable ways, and each is acceptable. This essay will discuss what essentially has to be done. Suppose you were asked to write a film analysis for a local newspaper or as university homework. Even if you are a certified movie buff, you do not know anything about doing a film analysis and hence it may appear to be a difficult assignment. Nevertheless, making a movie analysis is not that hard as some people believe. Aside from proficiency in the English language, what a movie analyst needs is some fundamental knowledge about how to construct a film analysis (Rutsky & Geiger, 2005). First, it is important to conduct research work. Prior to watching the movie, it is especially vital to carry out research work (Rutsky & Geiger, 2005). Try to make sense of the movie’s context, such as the underlying plot, the main characters, filmmaker, script writer, and others. Try to determine if the story is a true or original story, sequel of another film, or adaptation of a work of fiction. Movie analyst should also explore earlier works of the actors and the filmmaker (Nelmes, 2003). This aids in identifying the meaning or content of the movie. Second step is watching the movie. In order to make an accurate

The importance of education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The importance of education - Essay Example The experiences of my life have made me understand the importance of the value of availing the right opportunities at the right time. They have made me realize the importance of education and career in the life of an individual. I did not value the importance of education when I was young and I wasted many important years of my life but with time and age I realized the importance of succeeding in education for the purpose of attaining a secure and bright future. My parents recall that ever since I was a young child, I was very bright and naughty. I used to hide things and throw them just for the purpose of annoying others. After I joined school, I made friends and they were as careless as I was with my studies. I was complained for regularly by the school authorities owing to my mischievous conduct at school. But these complaints did not alter my behavior and habits and I stayed the same. Thus, in grade one I was held back. This did not lead to any improvement. I continued my educati on and I still remember that all my teachers used to tell my parents that I was a very difficult child.

Mike and Marty Scanlon Essay Example for Free

Mike and Marty Scanlon Essay People often have difficulty believing that Mike and Marty Scanlon are brothers, let alone twins. The two men bear a resemblance, but the similarity ends there. Marty Scanlon was always a quiet, well-behaved child. He excelled in all his academic subjects throughout his school years, although he was shy and had few friends. Marty would always be polite to people, but he generally preferred to keep to himself. After college, Marty became a successful network administrator for a large financial company and married his longtime girlfriend. A dedicated family man, Marty spends most of his free time doing home improvement projects and looking after his two children. Mike Scanlon, on the other hand, could never be described as shy. He was the student that teachers dreaded having in their classroom: boisterous, unruly, and indifferent to authority. Mike had many brushes with the law throughout his high school years, for crimes ranging from vandalism to public drunkenness. Mike dropped out of high school to take a job as an oil-change technician at a local garage; he spends most of free time and money at local bars- at least the ones that havent banned him for starting fights. Mikes current legal trouble surrounds two of his ex-girlfriends, who are independently taking him to court for child support. Mike is unfazed, however; he laughs with his friends that theyll never get a dime from him. 1. How would Freud explain the personality differences between Mike and Marty? 2. How would you rate Mike and Marty on the Big Five personality traits? 3. Given that Mike and Marty are twins and share some of their genetic makeup, how would you explain the pronounced differences in their personalities? What role, if any, does temperament seem to be playing? 4. Which of the two brothers seems more likely to be achieving self-actualization, and why do you think so? 5. Do Mike and Marty appear to have different levels of intelligence, or do they show intelligence in different ways? Why do you think so?

Diversity Within Organizations Essay -- Diversity Society Workforce Wo

Diversity Diversity relates to gender, age, language, ethnicity, cultural background, disability, sexual orientation or religious belief. Diversity also refers to the myriad ways we are different in other respects such as educational level, job function, socio-economic background, personality profile, geographic location, marital status and whether or not one has family. I have taken the opportunity to explain my perception of age, gender, personality and ethnic types of diversity and demographic characteristics and differences. Age Characteristics With the fact that today’s workplace has individuals that vary in age, most employees can be placed into one of 4 categories: Mature, Baby Boomer, Generation X’ers and Millenials. The members of each group, based on age, are generally easy to identify; however definitely have different characteristics. The Mature group consists of people born prior to 1946. Generally speaking, members within this group have a high respect for authority, place duty before pleasure, are patient, avoid challenging the system and are dedicated to the project or job once they accept it. They also place a high value on honor and integrity. The Baby Boomers are primarily characterized by a sense that they live to work, maintain an sense of optimism, willing to go into debt, count on future income, and strive for convenience and personal gratification. They also are team and process oriented. Additionally, many are taking steps to try to preserve their youth. The Generation X’ers are born between 1965 and 1980. Their characteristics are work to live – not live to work, view jobs more in terms of a contract, and believe in clear and consistent expectations. They usually stay at jobs longer if there are promotional opportunities. They also desire versatility. The Millenial’s characteristics are almost at the other end of the spectrum from that of the Mature group. Millenials appear to be living in the moment, rely on technology to perform as much of the assignment as possible, â€Å"demand† clear and consistent expectations to ensure productivity and either question or challenge many things. This group is the most diverse demographically. Gender Characteristics Gender characteristics are one the most visible of the diverse and demographic characteristics within an organization. Historically speaking, w... ...ly influences the overall success of the organization and is a necessary diversity factor within organizations to be successful. A diverse workforce is a reflection of a changing world and marketplace. Diverse work teams bring high value to organizations. Respecting individual differences will benefit the workplace by creating a competitive edge and employers will gain the advantage when employees are selected and positioned so that their talents, skills and personality traits are properly utilized. References Understanding Generational Differences Helps You Manage a Multi-age Workforce (2001) Retrieved March 14, 2005 from http://www.digitaledge.org/monthly/2001_07/gengap1.html. Why Women Make Better Managers (2004) Retrieved March 14, 2005 from http://www.preseleccion.com/articles/women_managers.htm . Schermerhorn, John R. & Hunt, James G. & Osborn, Richard N. (2003) Chapter 4: Diversity and Individual Differences [Electronic version] Eighth edition. Developing Hiring Standards, The Untapped Wealth of Information in Your Office, Retrieved March 14, 2005 from http://www.hiresuccess.com/establishing-baseline-personality-profiles.htm

Commentary on Three Lunulae, Truro Museum

Three Lunulae, Truro Museum is a poem written by Penelope Shuttle and it is written with the perspective of a person who visits a museum and views the Lunulae. The visitor, upon first seeing the Lunulae begins to imagine their history. The gender of the viewer is unknown but it seems to be a woman, given the gentle and delicate way of writing, shown through the first stanza â€Å"gold so thin, only an old woman would notice its weight†. The poem consists of 14 stanzas but varies in length probably contributing to a shift in mood and tone of the poem.The poem begins with the description of the Lunulae as soon as the visitor walks in where they comment on the gold on the Lunulae and that it was so thin only an old woman would notice it, creating imagery in our mind about how fine and delicate the Lunulae is and therefore, adding to the speakers intrigue towards the object. This description continues in the second stanza where she compares the gold to crescent moons that came out of the â€Å"sunken district of the dark†. This comparison probably tells us how the Lunulae were found after the â€Å"archaeologists† dug it out of the ground.This gets the poet to start describing the ornaments and how the women of the Bronze Age â€Å"threw no barbaric shadows† which seems like a connection with the Bronze age and how it may have been a time of violence. The reference to â€Å"freeze† in stanza five and â€Å"winter† links to a seasonal recurrence where spring probably represents the young people and that winter symbolizes doom, old age and eventually: death. Contrasting to this description, the poet uses a lot of delicate and gentle sounds such as moon, women and mood to probably ease out the process, almost as if it was a cyclic movement.When the speaker describes these ornaments, it’s as though time stands still while she is entranced by the ornaments but the mention of the â€Å"slight quick tap of a clock† ( stanza 6), the reader is reminded that time still exists and that it waits for no one. This idea is supported by the previous mentions of the moon and the women of the Bronze Age where the speaker describes the event almost as if she were back in time with them and that it stood still when she spoke about it.In stanza 5, the reference to insects’ legs is quite an odd simile to use but it conveys the fact that the clocks hand, is like and insects’ leg, quiet and unseen, almost as if it goes on unspoken till we meet our end, or when it is winter. The next few lines only add to the intrigue of the speaker towards the object where she tries to see what others could not see. She wants to go beyond the three women’s’ faces and actually understand the story behind the Lunulae. The reference to the word â€Å"sickle shapes† along with â€Å"insects’ legs† and â€Å"thin gold remains of autumn† show the delicate and fragile imagery with a link to nature.In stanza 9, there is a possible connection to stanza 3 and in this stanza, the women seem to be appearing in front of the speaker, almost in a ghost like form with â€Å"a face like a frost fern†. The description here is very dark and aggressive. The â€Å"Light twists in a violent retching† and this shows the manner in which the women are manifesting themselves. In contrast to what was said earlier in stanza three, it seems now that these women did have a violent past. The â€Å"dusty snakes† which are used to describe the women implies that they are very old and possess a sly character.Towards the end, the readers understand that the custodian is about to close the museum and this intriguing story behind the Lunulae is about to come to an end. The speaker must leave as they are closing. The speakers friend waits there to buy him a postcard and they both step outside where there are autumn leaves. This reference to the autumn leaves touches u p upon the previous mentions of seasons, time and how life is almost like a cyclic movement: pre planned and inevitable.The poet tries to convey to us that every single thing has its own story, its own identity and that every thing we do in life connects us to events in the past and the future. This poem conveys the importance of time and how it is destructive in nature where at one point, everything seems fine but after a while, things tend to fall apart and ugly truths begin to reveal themselves. It teaches us that the mind is very fragile and gullible but explains to us that what is shown on the surface is not always the truth.

Commonwealth Games

Sample details Pages: 31 Words: 9157 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Economic benefits that Manchester gained by hosting the Commonwealth Games 2002 This paper discusses Manchesters hosting of the 2002 Commonwealth games, and how it was used as a catalyst for urban regeneration. It discusses the theory and history behind hosting Mega events.The rationale behind cities bidding for mega events has shifted. They bid not only to raise the image of their city on the world stage, button use the new facilities as a catalyst for urban regeneration. The Manchester case study is drawn from the local council websites and reports published during and after the event. This gave an insight into the long term economic gains for the city. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Commonwealth Games | Leisure Management Dissertations" essay for you Create order The paper concludes that the hosting and the urban regeneration were successful for Manchester. This success has promoted other cities to bid for Mega events. 2.0 Introduction There are three advents that are described as mega events, the Football world cup, the Olympic and Commonwealth games. These events are held every four years, with cities around the world bidding to host them. For the purpose of this paper the discussion will be on the Olympic and Commonwealth games. The main Focus will be on Manchester hosting of the2002 Commonwealth games. Mega events as steeped in tradition, they are a platform for host cities to show what they can do. Cities plan for them years in advance, putting their bid forward so they can succeed on the worlds stage. When a city is successful in a bid, there are other cities that are disappointed. This paper discusses Manchesters successful Commonwealth games bid after two failed Olympic bids. When a city hosts a Mega event it is in the public eye, everybody remembers the spectacle of the opening and closing ceremonies. What is not so public is all the planning behind the scenes, committing resources to the success of the games. These resources are committed at an early stage; the bid has to be viable to be considered. The rational for hosting games has shifted from the prestige associated with the attention of the worlds media, to a tool for regenerating rundown areas of the host city. Therefore the planning of the venues has shifted from temporary buildings, to long term facilities for the local communities. Some cities hosting mega events are looking at the long term usage for the new facilities after the event, in the past a lot of these buildings were built as temporary structures and pulled down shortly after the closing ceremony. This is viewed by some commentators as waste of resources, with prolonging the life of these buildings cities, can benefit long after the games are finished. This shift has attracted new cities to bid for Mega events, with the justification that it will lead to economic growth both short and long-term. The benefit can be two fold, raising the image of the city and regenerating a rundown area. Although not all host cities have been successful at obtaining growth, some are still repaying the debt that was run up to host the games. The resources that each city has ploughed into holding these prestige games are immense. To succeed they require the backing of local residents, council, sports providers, grants, the government and their agencies. This should be incorporate at the planning stage to increase the chance of a successful bid. The value to local residents of a city hosting a mega event is immense in economic terms. It is not only the new facilities that can generate income, if the games are a success, the city can attract tourism long after the event. The games cannot be viewed in isolation of the sporting stage, there is the build-up to the bid, the planning of hosting the games and the long term value they van add to the city. All these factors make up a successful mega event bid. Manchester spent a long time planning for the games. This is illustrated in the time line that appears in the appendices of this paper. This was not an easy ride, as financial problems affected the plans. Manchester overcame these and held the 2002 Commonwealth games. 3.0 Aims and objectives The aim of this paper is to assess the economic impact of cities hosting mega event; this will concentrate on the 2002 common wealth games held in Manchester. The objectives are à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢An in depth analysis of the history of mega events, with the resources and planning to host such an event à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢An analysis of the economic benefits that can be gained and the disadvantages of hosting a major sporting event. 4.0 Methodology This chapter discusses the research methods used for the project and the rationale for their choice. It discusses methods that were not used, with justification of why they were not included.Included is a critique of methods selected, and with hindsight identifies any changes that would have enhanced the research. This paper critically evaluates the impact of the 2002 Commonwealth games on the city of Manchester. This paper will investigate the economic impact of a mega event and the subsequent urban regeneration. This will be compared to other host cities, both with the Commonwealth and Olympic games. Selection of the topic was stimulated and formed out of heightened publicity on the topic. The aim of holding the games was not only publicity for the city but to use it as a tool of urban regeneration. The nature of the research was discussed with colleagues and fellow students this not only added practical ideas and suggestions, it opened new avenues of thought.This was the discussed with lecturers sounding out ideas, gauging opinions and clarifying the question.Focusing in on the question was obtained by employing relevance trees, narrowing the research area.This gave direction to the research, although with reviewing the literature this changed several times (Buzau, J. 1995). Next, a research proposal was compiled, with the benefit of organising ideas and setting a time-scale for research.Theoretically, the proposal would highlight any difficulties with the research question and access to data.Creating a time-scale would focus on targets and meet deadlines in the completion of the paper. The literature review, discussing theories and ideas that exist on the topic formed the foundation of the paper.The findings from the research are then tested on theories for validity (Saunders, M. et al1997).The literature review was challenging, there is very little academic research on the topic area. Most of the literature focused on individuals performances at the games, and the impact of hosting the Olympic Games. This information proved relevant in understanding the justification for bidding for mega events. Journals and newspaper articles were the back bone for the review, together with internet sites and reports. Tertiary data sources, such as library catalogues and indexes were used to scan for secondary data.This produced journals and newspaper articles, and Internet addresses.With the amount of literature, it took time to sort out relevant material to the research.Narrowing down the search Bells (1993) six points parameters was applied.Applying key words that were identified in the first search produced relevant and up-to-date material (Bell, J.1993).A limitation on the literature search was the amount of time to read all articles and books on the subject. Whilst reviewing the literature references to other publications were followed and reviewed.Bells checklist on identifying the relevance of literature found was a practical method to reduce the amount of reading (Bell, J. 1993). A case study on the impact on the city of Manchester of the 2002Commonwealth games was chose to replace primary research. This would report the actual benefits gained by staging such a major event. There is a lot of information presented in articles on the benefits of hosting Mega games, but little on the problems.Therefore a lot of information was rejected due to the bias of the content. Articles and web sites were used to form a picture of the impact. This would then be compared with the literature and previous host cities To produce primary data the success of a mega event proved to be vast task, taking a lot of time to produce results. Internal and external operations of several organisations, providers, spectators and competitors would have to be compared to reach any level of validity. Instead it was decide to review a case study. This was then compared to the literature review. 5.0 Literature Review This section will review all the relevant literature on mega events, including cities that have bid and hosted them together with the history of the games. The review will also discuss the rationale behind bidding and the benefits it can bring to a City who hosts an mega event. 5.1 Mega Events Mega events are regularly defined as special events, these have unique status. Hamilton, (1997) characterise these events containing similar features, including international dimensions, short-termed, and may be either a one-off occurrence or conducted on a regular cycle. From the literature, size emerges as a dominant distinguishing feature separating mega from non-mega events. Both the Olympics and the commonwealth games fall into this category, they are international, short termed and held on a regular cycle. They are held every four years, at different locations (Hamilton, L 1997:124). Sporting events are rapidly increasing in popularity as a means of attracting attention to particular geographic locations (Getz, 1998).Increasingly, cities are basing their marketing around Mega events(e.g. Manchester and the Commonwealth Games), in order to maximise the benefits to be achieved from event-driven tourism, sponsorship, and media exposure. Sporting events make up an important part of the overall Mega event industry. In reality there are a limited number of Mega sporting events that exist. This has led to fierce competition among cities to be successful in winning the business of playing event host (Getz, (1998) cited inWesterner, H et al 2002:303). 5.2 Resources Required The size of an event can be discussed in four different ways. First is determined by the noticeable involvement of national and regional government authorities. Government agencies provide an event with the development of policies, infrastructure or making resources available supporting the attraction of events to major cities(Westerner, H teal 2002). Higher technical competencies are required, such as advanced facilities, suitable event location and skilled personnel; these are directly related to size of the event. The demands placed on services provided by host cities to deliver an event is of superior quality when compared to other event types. The technical competencies must satisfy number of requirements. This includes the technical standards set by international federations pertaining to competition, non-competition elements (accommodation and transport) and personnel issues competition management, and personnel issues(Westerner, H et al 2002). The higher competencies are a requirement for the event management team, made up of both bid and operational teams, it is composed of expert people capable of carrying out professional relations with event owners and organisers prior to and throughout the event as well as having the technical expertise to stage the event(Westerner, H et al2002). The hosting City requires broad support from both direct and indirect stakeholders. Overall approval must come from the general public, government, (target) markets and other business sectors. The large amount of capital invested from the public purse in bidding for and staging an event, it is essential for strong community support for the process (Ernst Young, (1992) cited inWesterner, H et al2002:305). 5.3 Planning for the Games International and worldwide events are more important now than ever before. In most countries major events are significant to all levels of society and institutions, whether at local or national level. Sporting events dominate large sections of the press, television and radiobroadcasts. Therefore event management has become an industry in its own right, with both specialist organisations and individuals(Torkildson, G 2005). The decision making process for the bid will develop a long term strategic plan (Johnson G, , Scholes, K 2004). This strategy is the direction and capacity of an organisation, (i.e. the committee forth games) which achieves advantages through its configuration of resources within the changing environment. The strategy answers both the questions where do you want to go? and how do you want to get there?The first question is answered when the bid is accepted and the second is answered when the strategies are planned (Mullins L2005). Planning is the first stage of implementing the development of the city for the capacity to hold the games. Managers are required to step back to look at the environment, competitors, market place and review both the internal and external strengths and weaknesses. A SWOT analysis will focus the managers on both internal and external factors that can affect a new strategy. The host city must recognise its strengths and utilise them, and reduce weak areas through planning (Groucutt, J. teal 2004). Managerial decisions are made to identify what is required to implement the new strategy. What are the new resources are required? I.e. Property, finance or employees, and how will the city gain these resources?Then the risk should be assessed for its long term value to the host. Strategies should not only be considered on how they will affect existing resource capabilities, but also if needed new resources and how they will be controlled. The costs to the host should be weighed against the long term gains, and if needed it can be reviewed, accessed and amended accordingly (G, Johnson K, Scholes, 2004). Mega Events are a dynamic and multi-dimensional phenomena, there are at the same time, urban events, tourist events, media events and international global events. They are the subject of collective corporate recourse, with action in each of the sections. Therefore amulet dimensional approach is required in the planning and managing of the games. This requires multi-disciplinary team based approach(Torkildson, G 2005). 5.4 Marketing Kilter et al (1993) identify several target markets to which place marketers direct their attention. These include visitors athletes, officials, spectators and the media, residents and workers, business and industry, and export markets. The focus of sporting events is on the visitor segment, including business and non-business visitors. Business visitors include persons who travel to a place for meetings, conventions, to inspect sites or to buy or sell a product. Non-business visitors include tourists who travel to see the place and travellers who are visiting family and friends. Individuals travelling to particular destination to attend the event or teams and participants attending events as well as organizing committees and such can also be categorized as non-business visitors (Kilter, P et al 1993). The increase in the competition and the globalisation has not only saturated the extent of competition in the markets but mainly saturated the target markets itself as argued by Brassington and Pettit (2003).This is mainly because of the fact that the high level of competition among the participating organisations in a given market segment has increased the product range leaving the customers with an endless variety of products to choose for satisfying their requirements. This level of saturation has also increased the need for further development in the market in order to achieve competitive advantage as well as sustainable growth in the business (Brassington, F and Pettit, S 2003). Therefore mega events will if correctly marketed stand alone as a once only product. This product offers a unique entry into a market, there is little comparative competition, although all sport and leisure will compete for their market share. Although a Mega event is no normally at the same level as the existing competition. This approach is accomplished through the geographical spread either nationally or internationally by the host (Lynch, R 2003). The domestic and/or international media, coupled with the selling of broadcasting rights, are important characteristics of mega events The support of the media prior to or during an event guarantees exposure and consequently raises world-wide awareness of the event and host city. The 2000 Olympics in Sydney generated in excess of $1.3 billion in revenue from broadcasting the Games, indicating the substantial financial returns for event owners, organisers and the host city brought about by media support for the event ( Westerner, H et al2002). 5.5 Sponsorship Corporate sponsorship of sports and other events is one of the fastest growing forms of marketing communications used to reach target audiences. The rate of growth in sponsorship expenditures is greater than for traditional media advertising and sales promotion. Corporate spending on sponsorship worldwide was estimated to grow 12 present in2001 (Roy, D and Cornwell, T 2003). Sponsorship is viewed as a means of avoiding this clutter by enabling sponsors to identify and target well-defined audiences in terms of demographics and lifestyles. Linking a brand with an event via sponsorship enables firms to gain consumers attention and interest by associating with events that are important to them. Despite the increased use of sponsorship to reach market segments there has been little research on the impact of sponsorship on consumer behaviour(Roy, D and Cornwell, T 2003). While sports sponsorship activities range from providing athletes with uniforms to funding entire stadiums, the basic principle behind such sponsor ships appears to be their proposed ability to increase brand equity by means of enhancing brand image. There are several key goals associated with corporate sponsorship of events such as (1) enhanced brand image via associations with positively perceived events; (2)increased goodwill via perceptions of corporate generosity; and (3)elevated brand awareness due to increased exposure (Miyazaki, A and Morgan, A 2001). The high prices paid for Olympic sponsorships reveals that at least some organisations find these efforts to be worthwhile. This is illustrated by comments from top corporate officials that the Olympics are the most important marketing opportunity of the decade and management suggestions that this investment will heighten global recognition and increase revenue (Miyazaki, A and Morgan, A 2001:9). 5.6 Tourism In the 1980s and 1990s, political, economic, and technological developments that led to the global economy became a feature of the environment within which cities compete for economic growth. This trade in goods and services has become increasingly open and internationally competitive; cities had to compete with cities from around the world for investment capital, businesses, and tourists. Cities such as New York, London, and Tokyo have become global or world cities in the urban hierarchy. These cities contain the largest variety of cultural and entertainment facilities of the highest quality, such as museums, galleries, opera houses, theatres, and concert halls (Burbank, J et al2002) Therefore other cities are a disadvantage when competing for tourism. The pursuit of hosting a mega-event is a mechanism for economic growth. This strategy relies on obtaining a single event large enough to be seen as a way to generate future economic growth. Many events can bring tourists and attention to a city, but the mega-events sufficiently large that it creates a single focal point and timeframe for completing event-related development. It is also noted that stadiums and sports teams are luxuries that financially strapped cities can ill afford; therefore holding a mega event can provide the city with these facilities for the future (Burbank, J et al 2002) The number of tourists to an area where a mega event is due to take place increases.Individuals are drawn to destinations because of omega (sporting) event rather than the region itself. For example, tourism estimates of visits to Sydney between 1997 and 2004, as direct response to the Olympic Games, have been set at 1.7 million. Actual visits for the period during 2000 have been estimated to be 20 percent of this total (Forecast, 2001). Arising from the growth of the tourism industry has been an emphasis on place (or city) marketing and promotion and the emergence of mega sporting events to support and enhance this promotion. Place marketing represents the techniques utilised by certain organisations to raise the awareness of their particular destination to specified target markets.Promotional objectives relate to capturing the attention of international visitors and to providing information in an endeavour to entice them to travel to a specific destination (Moutinho, L and Wits 1994). 5.7 Attendance of Events A standard set of economic factors would be expected to affect demand for attendance. Price of admission and, more generally, the opportunity cost of attendance (including cost of travel, car parking, food and beverages at the venue, and programme), would be predicted to be negatively related to attendance. Income of the potential audience at sporting contest, and size of population in the potential market for contest, would be expected to be related positively to attendance. Availability and price of substitutes would also influence attendance. Some substitutes might be considered direct, such as the live broadcast of the event. Other substitutes will be indirect, for example, attending a different sporting event or contest; or other types of entertainment alternatives such as theatre or movies (Borland andMacdonald, R 2003) Macroeconomic factors could have an impact on attendance such as threat of unemployment. Although it has been suggested that attendance at sporting events may constitute a social outlet for unemployed persons, therefore the attendance is higher as the rate of unemployment increases (Borland, J andMacdonald, R 2003) The infrastructure of the venue has a direct impact on attendance to the events. The quality of viewing, the facilities at the stadium, the quality of seating; the impact of adverse weather conditions; distance from contest and extent of vision to different parts of the sporting field. Catering and bathroom facilities can also have an impact(Borland, J andMacdonald, R 2003) 5.8 Economic Benefits The national governments involvement in bringing events to a city is on the increase. The level of spending dedicated to biding for an event demonstrates the strength of governments backing. This is to the detriment of the competition with other (cultural) activities undertaken by government and other interest groups. Openly supporting abide increases the pressure of accountability to the public and hence support will only be given, if it is clear that justifiable and measurable benefits for all stakeholders are generated by hosting the event (Westerner, H et al 2002). The economic activity associated with staging mega sporting event can create significant economic benefits for the host destination. Howard and Crompton (1995) defined the economic impact as the net economic change in a host economy that results from spending attributed to sports event or facility. Economic impact studies enable the quantification of the benefits to a community to be ascertained in order to justify the investment in the event (Howard, D and Crompton, J1995:55). The Olympic Games provide an obvious example of significant economic contribution by a mega sporting event. The 1984 Los Angeles Olympics made a profit of US$125 million with the Seoul Olympics exceeding that profit by a further US$50 million. Outcomes of this magnitude serve to encourage cities to bid for high status events (Law, C 1993). In September 1990, Atlanta won the bid to host the 1996 Summer Olympic Games. In spite of the approximately $2.5 billion price tag, the benefits derived from hosting the Olympic Games were expected to outweigh the costs. Positive media attention, construction of facilities and infrastructure, and employment increases were identified as the primary beneficial output of this massive endeavour. The cash in flow during mega games is relatively easy to identify, the legacy of the games in terms of long-term benefits is more difficult to measure. The positive employment impact of the 1996 Summer Olympic Games, led to a 17% increase in long term employment in the surrounding area (Hotchkiss, J et al 2003). It must be noted at this point that not all events are successful financially. While focusing on the economic benefits presented by mega sporting events, there are significant financial burdens that such events place on host communities. This financial commitment to events often requires a degree of community assistance through public funding. The external benefits associated with mega sporting events enable this financial assistance to be classified as an investment, with clear reciprocal benefits to the host community (Westerner, H et al 2002). Once the mega-event policy is underway, extra-local interests become increasingly vital to a successful outcome. Hosting modern games requires the authority and cooperation of not only the host city, but other state and local governments and agencies as well. Moreover, the financial demands of the games require support from local public and private sources, but are increasingly dependent on multinational corporations and the government (Burbank, J et al 2002). Several global cities have had their fingers burned by over ambitious sports development plans. Sydney found itself in trouble finding permanent use for Stadium Australia. The Manchester bid, while ambitious, was also realistic. It already had the G-Mix Centre and MEN arena, Old Trafford and Maine Road football grounds. It has added to this the velodrome, an aquatics centre, Sport-city, and the City of Manchester stadium. These facilities are part of the long term regeneration, the aquatic centre has been appropriately sited for the citys three universities; Sport-city is to become one of 10 regional centres of excellence in sport; and the stadium will be used jointly by Manchester City football club and community teams (Anonymous 2002). 5.9 Urban Renewal The Olympic Games are regarded as the worlds most prestigious sporting occasion. They are typical of mega events in that they are transitory, bring short-term international participation and attention and can have long-term consequences for the host city. There is considerable investment in both sporting facilities and the supporting infrastructure, although after the games these then become legacies to the host city.The costs involved in hosting the Games are now so high that host cities can often only justify the expenditure when it is seen as leading to a major programme of regeneration and improvement (Essexs and Chalked, B. 1997). Harvey (1989) has discussed that urban policies to compensate Forde-industrialisation have become more proactive and entrepreneurial often involving some form of interurban competition for jobs and investment. The use of urban spectacles, such as major sporting events, as a strategy for urban renewal are being seen as one of the main products of post-modern society This is also a means by which cities express their personality, enhance their status and advertise their position on the global stage. Urban politics have shifted to ales bureaucratic, more entrepreneurial and autonomous stance (Harvey 1989).An example of these new urban politics is Manchesters Olympic bids of the 1980s and 1990s, in which local government-based decision-making and bureaucratic politics were essentially replaced bay dynamic business leadership (Essex, S and Chalked, B. 1997). For the host cities there is important justification for bidding to stage the Games, particularly in recent years, the stimulus to economic development and urban regeneration. The event can promote economic activity as a result of the jobs created by the vast numbers of tourists visiting the city before, during and after the event. The construction of sports facilities can also play a role in programmes of urban renewal by, for example, introducing new sporting and recreational facilities into previously under-provided areas. On broader scale, preparations for the event can also provide a means of justifying new investment in transport infrastructure and in projects to enhance the citys landscape and physical appearance (Essex, S andChalkley, B. 1997) 5.10 History of Mega events There are several games that are held on a four yearly cycle; these include the Olympics, Commonwealth, and the world cup. Each has grown in stature with more cities bidding for the right to stage them. The information below was extracted from both the Olympics and Commonwealth Games web sites. The first Commonwealth Games were the product of discussions and ideas shared over a thirty year period. John Cooper proposed sports and cultural gatherings for English speaking nations in 1891. In 1911 sport competitions were part of the Festival of the Empire in London, in which athletes from England, Canada, South Africa and Australasia competed (www commonwealthgames.org). The first games in Hamilton Ontario, Canada consisted of six sports, with around 400 athletes from 11 nations. The name of the games has changed frequently. The first four games were known as the British Empire Games. The name was changed to British Empire and Commonwealth Games for the 1954-1962 editions. From 1966 to 1974 the name British Commonwealth Games was used and from 1978 to the present the Commonwealth Games Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia hosted a very successful 1998 edition of the Commonwealth Games. The Queens Baton was carried to the stadium on an elephant and presented to Prince Edward by Malaysias first ever Commonwealth medal winner Kohl Eng. Tong, a bronze medallist in weightlifting from the 1954 games The Olympic Games are steeped in history. Today, the Olympic Games are the worlds largest pageant of athletic skill and competitive spirit. They are also displays of nationalism, commerce and politics. These two opposing elements of the Olympics are not a modern invention. The conflict between the Olympic movements high ideals and the commercialism or political acts which accompany the Games has been noted since ancient times According to legend, the ancient Olympic Games were founded by Heracles son of Zeus. Yet the first Olympic Games for which we still have written records were held in 776 BCE (though it is generally believed that the Games had been going on for many years already). Approximately1500 years later, a young Frenchmen named Pierre de Coubertin began their revival. The revival of the ancient Olympics in 1896 attracted athletes from 14 nations. The largest delegations came from Greece, Germany, France and Great Britain. Winners were awarded a silver medal and an olive branch To conclude the games are steeped in history and are a prestige event for any city to host. They can raise the citys image on the world wide stage, thereby attracting tourism in the future. But an emerging factories they can be a catalyst for urban regeneration, therefore the value of holding the games can be immense to host city, if it is conducted right. 6.0 Case Study Manchester This section will present the facts of Manchester successful bid forth 2002 Commonwealth games. The information is from the City Councils web site, reports and articles. The second part will present from the games legacy web site the current and future planes for Manchester generated from holding the Commonwealth Games. 6.1 The Games After two failed Olympic bids, Manchester took the 2002 Commonwealth Games, although no-one else bid for the. This could be attributed to the failure of Edinburghs attempt to host the games. Manchester City Council and its partners have been developing their approach to the Games for almost a decade. From the early 1990s, building on Manchesters bids to host the Olympic Games, the urban regeneration potential of hosting a major international sporting event has been recognised. Throughout, the issue has not just been about generating jobs alone, but what the event can do for the broader and longer-term regeneration process Prime Minister, the Rat Hon Tony Blair MP stated The Commonwealth Game swill not only be a major sporting event which will be enjoyed by millions throughout the world, but the Games will also showcase both Manchester and Britain. Universally known as the Friendly Games, the Manchester 2002 emblem highlights this theme. It clearly demonstrates the spirit of friendship associated with the Games and will be lasting image of what we all hope will be a memorable sporting occasion (Rat Hon Tony Blair accessed through It was estimated that the games would attract a television audience of1 billion people. This would give marketers a superb opportunity to show off not only their own products, but the city itself. Although spectators packed virtually all sports, despite drizzly conditions there was a downside, too (White B, Et al 2004). The Manchester Games cost far more than budgeted, it was speculated in2001 that they would be cancelled due to funding shortages. In 1995,the Greater Manchester council was to pay nothing for the games. After the successful bid, the council bill was said to be  £21m. Organisers predicted these costs would be met through television, ticketing and sponsorship revenues. By the end of the games, the council bill was at least  £73m, resulting in funding cuts for local sporting facilities(White B, Et al 2004). A cost explosion between announcement and event is hardly a new phenomenon. Billed as the Modest Games, Montreal residents were still paying the debt for the 1976 Olympics in the 1990s. For the 1986Commonwealth Games in Edinburgh, newspaper tycoon Robert Maxwell underwrote what amounted to a  £4m deficit from a  £27m budget (Sergeant 2002). The delivery of the Commonwealth Games was used to regenerate the East Manchester. East Manchester was home to much of the Citys heavy engineering and chemical industry and many of their workers. In a period of little more than thirty years, starting in the 1960s but gathering pace in the 1970s and 1980s, East Manchester went from being nationally important area of mature industry and settled population to one of the most intense concentrations of deprivation in the country. By the mid, 1990s East Manchester could no longer retain businesses or residents and became one of the UKs most acute test cases for regeneration The 2002 Commonwealth Games in Manchester would generate a total of16,000 jobs that will last from a few months to over 10 years. This is the equivalent of 6,100 gross direct full-time equivalent (FTE) jobs for Manchester of which over a third are additional to the local economy. It was predicted that the Games would bring  £22m additional expenditure into Manchester, providing the basis for  £36m for business opportunities generated by trade and inward investment The Sport city and the associated infrastructural development have begun to regenerate the property market in the immediate area. The extension of the Metro link system and commencement of environmental works along of Ashton canal corridor linking the city centre to Sport city have brought forward developments The venues for the different Games events have a viable after use. These enhanced facilities, will be used by national and regional athletes and local and regional communities. Sport city, the Manchester Stadium and the Velodrome, has created new jobs in its sport facilities and associated catering and retail uses. All have after-uses which will generate sufficient surplus to sustain the facilities in the future and bring new sports events to Manchester Manchester is using the Commonwealth Games to show itself off to the world. The city that, more than any other represented the power of manufacturing industry has emerged after decades of decline as an exciting, services-based metropolis. The people of Manchester have volunteered in their hundreds to help make the Games a success. Manchester was backed by Sir Bob Scott, a rare civic entrepreneur who managed to reverse the decline of the citys theatres and persevered after leading unsuccessful bids for the Olympics without being a politician (Sergeant, G 2002). The Manchester model combines elected councils, public support, private enterprise, national funds and entrepreneurial co-ordinatingmanagers. The message for planning and for national spending on infrastructure is that development should be focused where people want it. Funds should go where local people want to spend them, where people know what they want and have sensible business plans to make it work. Market forces cannot work fully in such matters. The best proxy for market is what local people want and is prepared to vote for (Sergeant 2002). The Manchester case shows that growth points have to be built on existing strengths by providing an environment in which people want to live and the facilities to do their jobs. This kind of development can only be generated locally, not from the centre, which is frustrating for ministers and civil servants. Regional government might work. In the absence of civic entrepreneurs, however, it would just be another waste of money (Sergeant, G 2002). Twelve months on after the Commonwealth Games, an initial assessment reveals long term benefits for the City of Manchester. An estimate that6,300 jobs have been generated from the Games is on track and  £22million has been pumped into the Citys economy through new business opportunities The Commonwealth Games has helped Manchester manufacturers buck the national trend for falling demand. The North West region posted its first increase in output for more than two years, according to the Confederation of British Industrys (CBI) quarterly regional trends survey. The growth was due mainly to new orders to help meet stadium requirements for the games, which concluded earlier this month, but teak production as a whole declined (Parker R 2002). 6.1 Three Years On The area which was once known as the workshop of the world had been in steady decline for the last 30 years. Large scaled-industrialisation had a huge and devastating effect on employment. However, the hosting of the Games and the decision to site the stadium in this area was the catalyst that was needed. This provided the importance of a world event and the focus which would introduce a range of other strategic initiatives to New East Manchester Over the next 15 years New East Manchester is expected to secure over  £2 billion in public and private funding. The momentum gained from the investment in world class sporting facilities at Sport-city presents a new image to the commercial world. There has been a quantum shift imperceptions of the area from current and prospective residents and investors. The New Business Park development is expected to create over 6000 jobs. The development of a new retail centre, four star hotel and the new housing developments are expected to create 3,800 jobs for the people of East Manchester Manchester City Football club, as the new resident in the City of Manchester stadium, is drawing nearly 40,000 people to the streets of East Manchester for each of its home games. In the summer of 2005concerts by U2 and Oasis enticed over 360,000 music fans. Canal side homes and developers are bringing affordable contemporary design to the housing market. Open top tour buses are starting to bring visitors and tourism to an area of the city which had rarely been frequented by those beyond the local community Investors find a revitalised landscape and business opportunities on the doorstep of one of Europes most popular economic destinations. There is still a huge amount of work to be done; complacency is not on anyones agenda but without the impetus provided by the Games, investment on this scale could not have been secured The use of  £6.2m of Government Single Regeneration funds matched toe further  £12m of other public and private funds, paved the way for the delivery of a unique regional programme aimed at ensuring that businesses and in particular disadvantaged communities benefited from the hosting of the Games in Manchester The Commonwealth Games Opportunities and Legacy Partnership board was established as a regional board for managing the Legacy of the Games. Made up of senior managers from key organisations across the Northwest, business, sport, arts and cultural interests were represented alongside local government agencies to promote the benefits to the wider region The role of the volunteer may not have changed but the event managed to attract those who had not considered offering their individual talents in this way before. The huge success of the volunteer programme has resulted in the setting up of the Post Games Volunteer Project in 2003.Games Volunteers have responded to requests for support from organisations across the region and continue to perform a number of roles at major events In 2005 there are over 2000 volunteers on the database taking part in aide range of events including the Salford Triathlon, the Great Manchester Run and the World Paralympics event. The project was mainstreamed into Manchester City Council in August 2005 with the launch of Manchester Event Volunteers Over 300,000 visitors each year are now expected as a result of the positive image of the Games. The ability of major events to deliver social and economic benefits across the region has led to the drawing up of a Five Year Regional Events Strategy by the North West Development Agency (NWDA) in 2004. The tourism industry in the region has undergone a complete restructure The city and the region will continue to maximise the opportunities resulting from hosting the third largest sporting event in the world. The London 2012 Olympic team have credited Manchesters success and legacy with underpinning their successful bid in 2005 7.0 Analysis of Manchester This section of the paper will review the case study and compare and analysis it with the literature review and the appendices. This section will focus mainly on the economic advantages to Manchester that have been gained through hosting the 2002 Commonwealth Games. The hosting of any Mega event is steeped in history and tradition. Thesis of vast economic cost to the host city; if this is not used for part of a long term strategy then it is a drain on resources. Cities have hosted games in the past, to be still repaying the debt now. The last city to host the games is an example of what financial disaster can develop from over stretching resources. Therefore with the cost and the tradition of the games at risk, it is imperative that when they are awarded the host city can deliver their promises (5.1, 5.2, 5.10 appendix 4). Being awarded the games is both an honour and a great responsibility to the host city.The tradition of the games must be honoured and upheld, throughout the planning and hosting of the event. Therefore the planning and the resources required must be obtainable, practical and actionable. It after the bid is accepted that the real work commences(5.1, 5.2, 5.10 Appendix 3). Manchester bid for the 2002 Commonwealth Games after two unsuccessful bids for the Olympics, through the failures they had started to build a business plan capable of holding a Mega Event. Although there was at first speculation that Manchester got awarded the games because no one else bid, the bid still had to be structured and viable. If the Commonwealth games committee had not believed the city could host the games they would not have been awarded it. The information they had acquired through the failed bids allowed them to generate a successful bid capable of staging a Mega event. This bid was to be used a catalyst for urban regeneration (Case Study, 5.2, 5.3, 5.9, appendix 1 4). The games were named the Friendly Games, attracting support from the local residents, businesses and the government, including the Prime Minister. This demonstrates the importance of political as well as local backing for such an endeavour, which Manchester obtained through its planning of the games. This strategy was used in the marketing; the games were for the people (Case Study, 5.2, 5.4, 5.9 appendix 4). The games were predicted to attract a large television audience around the world as well as spectators to the events. This is ideal an ideal marketing and sponsorship opportunity for Manchester, to raise their profile as a world city. Manchester displayed itself as a renewing city capable of being on the world stage as a major player(Case Study, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6 5.7). The Games over stretched their budget, this at one point put the games in jeopardy, although this would have led to a waste of the resources already utilised. Through attracting further funding and the television rights and sponsorship, the situation was averted. Other host cities of Mega events have had the same scenario, although Manchester overcame its financial problems. Sponsorship has helped to reduce the deficit (Case Study, 5.2, 5.5 appendix 2). Unemployment in the City was rising in the deprived Eastern area. The decline of the British manufacturing industry had a profound affection this area, which was reliant on this type of commercial activity. The games would be used to address not only short term unemployment but create permanent jobs for the future. Unemployment in the city has fallen since hosting the games (Case Study, 5.8, 5.9 appendix 5). The planning team was led by a civic entrepreneur, who utilised his knowledge in selecting a team of individuals who could plan for the games. This took the emphasis away from being political, but included the local council, national government and agencies to compile the bid and the resources required to host the event. This plan involved the entire local people who had an interest in both the area and the games(Case Study, 5.3, 5.8 appendix 3). Both the early pointers from one year after the games and the current situation are indicating that the games were very successful, both in the hosting of them and in urban regeneration. The legacy from the games has reversed the trend of economic decline in the area. This is demonstrated by the regeneration of an industrial area of the city, which is attracting both business and residential development (Case Study, 5.8, 5.9 appendix 5). Manchester is still expecting long term economic growth as a legacy from the games and the urban regeneration that was part of the strategy from hosting the event. They are predicting further investment into the city from both business and government sources. This growth is in the targeted areas, providing employment and housing for the people of Manchester Individual residents are benefiting from the legacy of the games (Case Study, 5.8 5.9). The sporting venues were designed not only to host the games, but also for the long term benefit to the community.The city of Manchester stadium is now the home ground of Manchester City football club, attracting supporters into the area, which has further added to the regeneration of the east of the City. The new sporting facilities are attracting sporting talent into the city. This is fully utilising the venues and the infrastructure that was put in place for the games. The resources are repaying their initial investment (Case Study 5.3,5.4 5.8). Tourism not only increased when the games were on, it is still growing. The city predicts further growth in tourism, which in turn will continue to fuel the growing economy in the area. This tourism will bring in further economic growth for local businesses. They are hosting variety of events which will attract audiences from all over the country to the venues that were used for the games (case study 5.3, 5.4 5.8). The games have successfully involved local residents. This has reinforced the message of the peoples games. The games were for local residences to show off their city, and welcome the competitors and the worlds media. A large number volunteered to assist with games, however there is still over 2000 volunteers on the data base that help the city with events today (Case Study, 5.2 5.9). Although the success of the games is discussed in economic terms other factors should be considered. Manchester hosted the largest ever Commonwealth Games with 5,000 athletes from 72 nations competing for Gold medals. These athletes were accommodated by the city, with the facilities attracting competitors from all over the world. This promoted the capabilities of the city on a global level (Case Study,5.2 and appendix 5). The hosting of the Manchester games is widely accepted as one of the most successful Mega events in recent years. This has an affect on other potential bidders for mega events; this has led to other Cities bidding for Mega events. From the confidence gained from Manchester, London has bid, amongst great competition from global cities and been awarded the 2012 Olympic Games (Case study, 5.3 appendix 5). When the case study is compared to the mission statement for the Manchester 2002 Commonwealth games, their objectives have been reached. The original aims and objectives were for the friendly successful games, that will leave a legacy of new sporting facilities and social, physical and economic regeneration and to set a new benchmark for hosting international sporting events in the UK have been achieved(Case Study appendix 4). 8.0 Conclusion and Discussion Manchester has demonstrated that using a Mega event as an urban regeneration catalyst can not only increase economic activity in the short term, but can lead to economic growth in the future. This is not the only success factor from the games. Manchester had gained experience of funding and bidding for Mega games through their two unsuccessful Olympic bids. This had given them the insight into what level of planning was required and the resources needed to host the games. With this knowledge they were able to construct a bid that was capable of hosting the games. Although it was argued that they were the only bidders, without careful planning and resources they would not have been awarded the games. Therefore their bid was successful though their fastidious planning. This should be noted as the first success from the games. The city successfully upheld the tradition of the games, they were known as the friendly games which was embraced by the citizens of Manchester. The 2002 Commonwealth games were the largest ever, this very factor points to the success of the games. Manchester not only obtained the backing of local council, it acquired national backing, through involvement and backing of the government. This event would be prestigious to both the city and teak. Although the budget for the games ran over, Manchester gained further backing to allow them to go ahead. It appears that were other cities have failed cost wise by leaving long term debt; Manchester acquired grants and sponsorship to enable them to proceed. The area that was targeted for urban regeneration was in economic decline. The construction of the new facilities and hosting the games addressed the short term unemployment. The continuing use for the venues has increased economic growth in the area attracted new businesses and housing. This has reversed the long term decline in the eastern area of Manchester. Manchester saw the benefit of building new facilities for the community to use after the event. The prolonged life of these buildings the host cities can benefit long after the games are finished. This is vital to the regeneration of the area, and can justify the costs involved in hosting the games. The legacy from the games expected to last for quite a number of years. This factor is vital for the continuing growth of the area. The continuing functions of the new sporting facilities will maintain the economic growth. By attracting people into the city for these facilities will increase the cash flow to local businesses adding to the regeneration. The local council has maintained the interest of local residents during and after the games. There are still a number of locals committed to donating their free time for the benefit of the city. This commitment is a lasting legacy from the games. The success of Manchester has been underpinned by the successful bid by London for the 2012 Olympic Games. London looked at the success of Manchester, and put forward a bid to host the games. The feel good factor from the success of the games was shared throughout the UK. The games cannot be viewed in isolation of the sporting stage, there is the build up to the bid, the planning of hosting the games and the long-term value they van add to the city. All these factors make up a successful mega event bid; Manchester has succeeded on all these factors. Manchester has succeeded in hosting the most successful Commonwealth games ever and regenerating a run down part of the city. Using the games as a catalyst for urban regeneration has led to economic growth for the city during the games, and more importantly continued economic growth as a legacy. Manchester has looked at an area of its city that was is decline, planned how to reverse the trend, and used a public stage to implement change. This has attracted new business and housing onto the area as well as generating increased income for the existing business. This has not only successfully regenerated the east of the city; it has attracted tourism to the whole of the city. It can be concluded from this paper that Manchester as a city has successfully used the Commonwealth Games as a catalyst for urban regeneration. 9.0 Bibliography 9.1 Books Bell, J (1993) (2nd Edition) Doing Your Research Project Open University Press, Buckingham Buzau, T. (1995) (Rev end) Use Your Head. 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