Software Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Software Design - Essay Example The software architecture in place will determine the easiness of change. In as much these â€Å"forgotten problems† are crucial to be addressed, the software development principles have other factors that also need to be addressed. These are the performance, availability, maintainability, security, costs, benefits and schedule. Thus, it is more valuable to achieve a balance rather than focus on only one aspect which in the â€Å"forgotten problems† is the usability factor. The Software architecture is the representation of the software development. It lists all the key modules, their responsibilities, and interactions. It has various representations. It is essential as a good architecture would reduce development time, maintenance costs and improve the quality of product. How does software architecture interact with usability? This can be understood via enumerating all the phases in software development. These are; system formulation, requirement definition, architecture design, detailed design, implementation, system test and deployment. Each of these chapters is critical, and there exist a high level of interactions. The development cycle in place will dictate the level of interactions between these phases. These methodologies are; waterfall cycle, spiral circle, extreme programming and HCI cycle. The feedback mechanisms in these methodologies will show how effective a method is. (Smith & Williams, 2003). The idea is to come up with an architectural pattern that best achieves usability factors. Various patterns can be applied. The Model view controller displays the module responsibilities and their interactions. A good model view controller shows productive interactions. It hides the unwanted aspects of the user interface from the remainder of the application. It provides a means of buffering changes in the user interface from the remainder of the application. It localizes the â€Å"screen-deep† changes to either the

Evaluating Different Sources of Information Essay Example for Free

Evaluating Different Sources of Information Essay 1. Introduction With vast access to various types of information nowadays; it’s important to be able to distinguish truth and accuracy. The aim of this report is to evaluate the reliability of three different sources; a policy document, academic paper and newspaper articles in regards to space, place and culture. The objectives are to compare the listed sources through highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of each source and to indicate when and how it might be appropriate to use them for a potential essay ‘The interaction between global and local processes in the creation of ‘places’. 2. What are Space, Place and Culture? Space and place can be seen as an absolute structure or as a social experience with meaning, these play key roles in our culture; this system of shared meaning based on everyday life is central to a sense of identity. 3. The Policy Document This policy document ‘Communities in control: Real people, real power’ is a government report based on policies or proposals of an issue. It discusses how local communities can be empowered through having more influence over local council policies and more access to information. 4.1. Advantages The policy document was written by academics and practitioners so the information is reliable; published by the Department for Communities and Local Government so we can assume that the information is accurate. Also, the document is clear, explicit and easy to understand which is important as it’s aimed at the general public. It was printed in July 2008 so it’s recent information. However, this indicates it’s from the previous government and changes have been made to policies due to recent budget cuts so may no longer be up to date but can still be significant when analysing the past. 4.2. Disadvantages However, the policy document may be politically biased because it’s a government document and also as stated on paragraph 58 page 12, ‘In developing the White Paper, we spoke to a wide range of stakeholders who fed their comments and suggestions into policy development.’ Therefore, it raises the question, who are these stakeholders and is their viewpoint biased? 4.3. How to use the source? In relation to the essay title, this policy document is useful when analysing a politically biased viewpoint and discussing the influence of political control on different groups of people. The Academic Paper Academic writing is writing done by scholars, devoted to topics and questions that are of interest to the academic community. This particular academic paper ‘A Global Sense of Place’ by Doreen Massey Taken from Space, Place and Gender (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1994) discusses how globalisation is such the norm that those who have control can flourish with it but many people are imprisoned by it due to capitalism or feel at lost for a sense of belonging or identity. 4.4. Advantages Academic papers are usually written by scholars who specialize in a particular field so information which usually consists of primary data can be considered to be accurate. In addition, its peer reviewed and scrutinized by other academics so is reliable. Massey makes reference to Marxist to support her argument and provides facts about different places in order to conceptualise the journal article. The intended audience is academics/students and is fairly easy to understand. 4.5. Disadvantages Journal articles take time to collect research; this was written in 1994 which can be disadvantageous in using for the essay as concepts may no longer be up to date. However, it can be significant when comparing historical information. It appears written as a personal journal entry for example when Massey states ‘a walk down Kilburn road, my local shopping centre.’ so it can seem biased. However, Massey explores different viewpoints in order to compare the ideas. Concepts can seem implicit as the reader needs to almost visualize their own perspective. 4.6. How to use the source? As journal articles are constructed on primary data and have been scrutinized by other academics it is the most reliable source. In relation to the essay title, it would be useful to use when building arguments of different perspectives and to compare with other theories. 4. Newspaper articles Guardian article, ‘Triumph of democracy’ by James Harkin, (2006) informs the public about how the residents of Dingle vote to keep the name of their town, emphasising being in favour of equality and universalism rather than ethnic identities. The other Guardian article, ‘Is Paddington the Big Society in action?’ by Saba Salman, (2011) informs of how Neil Johnston (PDT chief executive) and residents are helping fund and lead the regeneration of the area despite cut backs in government funds. With emphasis on how a strong community input is the back bone to surviving the cuts. 5.7. Advantages The Guardian newspaper is a reliable and popular newspaper; ‘triumph of democracy’ was written in 2006 and ‘Paddington the big society’ was written in 2011, so its current and as it’s aimed at the general public, the information is explicit and easy to understand. 5.8. Disadvantages Information is based on mainly secondary data so it’s not completely reliable, especially as journalists aren’t not required to cite sources so no evidence provided. These particular articles seem biased as it’s the journalist’s viewpoint and Neil Johnston’s viewpoint, and could also be based on newspaper owner’s political goal. 5.9. How to use the source? Newspaper articles are useful when signifying current affairs or comparing historical data. 5. Conclusion Overall, through evaluating the sources it can be suggested that the policy document is politically biased and currently invalid with the change in government. The newspaper articles can be scrutinised as data is second hand and it’s in a biased format. The academic paper has proved most reliable as it’s been peer reviewed and based on primary data, despite being written in 1994 the concepts are still relevant today. However, all sources provide  different concepts of ‘place’ and would be efficient to use to write the essay. 6. Bibliography Communities and Local Government Publications, (July 2008) ‘Communities in control: Real people, real power,’ Department for Communities and Local Government Harkin James, (2006) ‘Triumph of democracy,’ The Guardian Massey Doreen, (1994) ‘A Global sense of Place,’ Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, from Space, Place and Gender Salman Saba, (2011) ‘Is Paddington the big society in action?’ The Guardian

The two poems I am going to compare are Mid-Term Break by Seamus Heaney

The two poems I am going to compare are Mid-Term Break by Seamus Heaney and Death Be Not Proud by John Donne. The first poem I am going to study is a poem by Seamus Heaney called Mid-Term Break. Seamus Heaney was born in County Derry into a farming background. He attended St. Columb’s College in Derry where he was a border. Heaney went on to win the Nobel Prize for Literature. The poet’s title Mid-Term Break is somewhat ambiguous as it would suggest a holiday of some sort, whereas, the poem is actually about the death of Heaney’s young brother who was killed in a tragic accident. The thoughts of death are brought to the fore almost immediately as the poem begins with a funeral note in line two: ‘†¦counting bells knelling classes to a close.’ The word ‘knelling’ reminds the poet of the church bells tolling for a funeral. In the second stanza we are aware that the tragedy which has occurred is different as funerals usually did not disturb his father in the way that this one had. Heaney recalls the embarrassment he felt when the adults sympathised with him and paid his deference saying ‘they were sorry for my trouble.’ This seemed to perplex him as it was a reversal of roles. There is a sense of alienation in the forth stanza when he heard the whispers of the neighbours, apart from his mother’s hand in his. His mother seems to be trying to control her emotions but is clearly outraged by what has happened. When Heaney’s brother is returned home, the poet refers to his brother as a ‘corpse’. This seems to suggest that Heaney is emotionally detached but it could just be a case of denial. Heaney injects a note of tranquillity to the poem when he describes the ‘snowdrops’ and ‘candles’. ... ... hand, deals with the mystery and fear that sounds death. Although we will all have to die eventually it is still something that scares us but Donne tries to alleviate those fears by telling us that death is just another part of life that will lead us to eternity. Heaney seemed to be emotionally detached throughout his poem until the final line whereas Donne was very passionate about his feeling from the start. When I first read both poems I was drawn instantly towards Mid-Term Break only because of the simplicity of the language. However, after carefully studying both poems my preference now lies with Death Be Not Proud. It is an interesting poem that expresses the act of dying as something natural and pleasant; abandoning the reputation it has for being frightening or powerful. It expresses that death is not the end of life, but only the beginning.

Politics and Architecture: A Literature Review

Chapter Two:Methodology In this chapter the research methodological analysis used in the survey is described. Theoretical analysis, informations aggregation, interviews conducted as collaborative method and the information beginnings are clarified. 2.1 Literature Review In the undermentioned paragraphs I will exemplify the methodological inspiration I take to analyze the confrontation between formal planning and informal slums in Zhengzhou. In conformity to the research inquiries stated in the direction, the theoretical lenses I adopt could be categorized into three spheres. 2.1.1Power and Governmentality Space is a critical portion of the conflict for control and surveillance of persons ( Michel Foucault, 1988 ) , and urban planning is one of the important tools to put to death province control. The first analytical end of this thesis is to show a political analysis of urban programs based on a coexistent, feeder, and conflictual theory of power. Sing the assorted nature of power and the coexisting humanistic disciplines of authorities, intriguing parts have been made to the spheres of psychological science ( Rose,1998 ) , broad governmentality ( Barry, Osborne, & A ; Rose, 1996 ) , insurance and hazard direction ( O’Malley, 2002 ) and ecological administration ( Darier, 1999 ; Binkley & A ; Capetillo, 2010 ) . Foucault’s construct provides a wider spectrum of political phenomena than what is traditionally defined as â€Å"political† ( e.g. citizens, province, political representation, freedom, etc. ) , by including classically non-political phenomena like machines, air, H2O, animate beings, workss and infinite. He suggested that there are three types of power: crowned head, disciplinary, and biopolitical, which I intend to pull on to clear up some of the complex relationships of power operating at urban planning, particularly on the control over internal migrators. Their grade of strength, common dealing ss of convergence, and hostility will be analyzed in Chapter Four, but here I would wish to indicate out how the classification of crowned head, disciplinary, and biopolitical are relevant to the instance survey in China. Sovereignty, Foucault says, creates a territorial treaty, and the major map of it is vouching boundary lines. Sovereign power is so exercised within the boundary lines of a district ( M. Foucault, 2009 ) . The family enrollment system in China is an convergence of societal and geographic division, which creates an unseeable but rigorous boundary line between the rural and urban countries. Binary exclusion, territorial regulations and even penalty for boisterous migrators [ 1 ] were implanted to procure the urban district. The undertaking of subject is to enforce a breakdown grid within the inside of the district established by the crowned head and bring forth organic structures that are both docile and capable of holding their bodily motions directed ( Foucault, 1979 ) . In China, internal migrators are surveilled, supervised and reformed through disciplinary power so as to do them prevail, obedient and able to digest adversity. When a individual steps out of the rural country and enters the metropolis, he must be prepared to be expelled, to work without societal public assistance, to digest general favoritism and to be soundless in his endurance. More than a disciplinary mechanism that acts on persons, biopower Acts of the Apostless as a control setup exerted over a population as a wholeto achieve an optimum result in a multivalent and convertible model ( M. Foucault, 2009 ) . Architecture, or urban planning, in this regard, is a signifier of biopolitics. Reconstruction of the reinforced environment, street, rivers and even flora, has become political mechanisms for way or redirection of migratory organic structures. The configuration of political schemes can be explained through Foucault’s surveies, which contributes to the inquiry ofhowto command the migration of people. In seeking to understandwhyauthoritiess are seeking to â€Å"sedentarize† people, James Scott came to see these strategies as â€Å"a province ‘s effort to do a society legible, to set up the population in ways that simplified the authoritative province maps of revenue enhancement, muster, and the bar of rebellion† ( Scott, 1998 ) . Harmonizing to Scott fully fledged catastrophes of societal technology necessitate a combination of four elements: the discernability of a society, â€Å"high-modernist† political orientation that believes itself in command of nature and society, an autocratic province willing to utilize all its coercive power to implement these strategies, and an incapacitated civil society which is easiest to happen in times of war, depression, crises, or attempts at national rele ase. China still has a long manner to travel in developing a stronger civil society under the autocratic societal construction, hence when the province got excessively deep into a tunnel vision to accomplish Utopian alterations, catastrophes necessarily happened ( e.g. the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution ) . The family enrollment system, which dated back to the black fragments of Chinese history, is portion of the simplified narrow vision. Its negative impact on urban development and human rights protection needs to be to foster revealed before major alterations could take topographic point. 2.1.2 Segregation and Marginality One of the byproducts of the family enrollment system is urban small towns, which presently shelter the bulk of the migratory population in the metropolis, individually from the urban system. I intend to cast visible radiation on its effects upon the society and measure planning policies designed to cover with it though residential segregation analysis. Park presented the really first definition of residential segregation in 1926, as a nexus that exists between both the societal distance and the physical distance ( Park, 1926 ) . Since so assorted definitions have been contributed to a better apprehension of the residential segregation construct ( e.g. Timms, 1975 ; White, 1983 ; Jargowsky, 1996 ) , with the most influential one drawn by Massey and Denton, sing residential segregation as a multidimensional phenomenon based on five dimensions: evenness, exposure, constellating, centralization and concentration ( Massey & A ; Denton, 1988 ) . Over the decennaries, legion quantitative attacks have besides been proposed taking to measure the different indices and steps ( both spacial and non-spatial ) of residential segregation. As quantitative analysis will non be carried out in my thesis, delight refer to the researches below for more description: James and Taeuber ( 1985 ) , Massey and Denton ( 1988 ) , Wong ( 1993 ) , Anselin ( 1995 ) , Reardon and O’Sullivan ( 2004 ) , Echenique and Fryer ( 2007 ) . The thrusts of residential segregation can be classified into two groups: endogenous ( e.g. income and single penchant ) and exogenic ( e.g. public policy and existent estate market moral force ) . In this regard, Nightingale believes that there is basically no such thing as genuinely voluntary segregation, or â€Å"good segregation† ( Peach, 1996 ) ; and he argues that segregation Acts of the Apostless as a political agent to reenforce unequal power dealingss in metropoliss, assisted by popular support and sustained by the land and economic markets which benefit from it ( Nightingale, 2012 ) . In the instance of urban small towns, the causes come from both classs: societal and physical division was created by public policies in the first topographic point, so enhanced by the income disparity and societal inequality between the urbanites and the rural migrators, every bit good as their willingness to populate with equals. Sing effects, there has been no consensus reached by bookmans. Positive effects may look in the short term sing the migrants’ formation of societal capital and networking. At the same clip negative effects are good acknowledged, including joblessness, wellness, academic public presentation, criminalism, prolongation of poorness and bad income distribution. However, new findings ( chiefly informations from the Traveling to Opportunity programme ) have shown that residential segregation has about negligible effects on families well-being ( it is still an unfastened inquiry and a topic of argument ) . I believe the being of urban small towns, as a signifier of segregation, has mix effects in Chinese society, and its negative impacts will be examined chiefly through marginality theories. Marginality is by and large used to depict and analyse socio-cultural, political and economic domains, where disadvantaged people struggle to derive entree ( social and spacial ) to resources, and full engagement in societal life ( Andersen & A ; Larsen, 1998 ; Brodwin, 2001 ; Heikki & A ; etc, 1999 ) . Social marginality is by and big reflected on the implicit in societal conditions of people, represented by hapless support options ( deficiency of resources, accomplishments and chances ) , reduced or restricted engagement in public decision-making, less usage of public infinite, lower sense of community and low self-pride ( Brodwin, 2001 ; Larsen, 2001 ) . Marginalised people are normally discriminated against, stigmatized, ignored and frequently suppressed on the footing of race, gender, age, civilization, faith, ethnicity, business, instruction and economic system by the mainstream ( Larsen, 2002 ) . The dimension of spacial marginality is normally linked to the geographical farness of an country from major economic Centres ( location ) , and refers to countries that are hard to make in the absence of appropriate substructure and hence isolated from mainstream development ( Brodwin, 2001 ; Hurni, Wiesmann, Schertenleib, & A ; North-South, 2004 ) . InUrban OutcastsLoic Wacquantdraws on a comparative analysis of the black ghetto of Chicago and the deindustrializingbanlieueof Paris to show that urban marginality is non everyplace the same ( Wacquant, 2008 ) . In the same mode, this thesis intends to lend to the survey of urban marginality, by exemplifying the similar yet different state of affairs in Chinese urban small towns. How the root causes of inequality, exposure and exclusion in urban small towns are linked with spacial and social marginality and the convergence between the two will be farther elaborated in Chapter Four. 2.1.3 Resistance and the Right to the City In one of the most well-known quotation marks of Michel Foucault, he claims that â€Å"Where there is power, there is resistance† ( Michel Foucault, 2012 ) , which besides applies to the confrontation between formal planning ( public policies ) and informal slums ( urban small towns ) . As I indicated before, for a better apprehension of power it is necessary to beef up opposition surveies. The theoretical construct of â€Å"everyday resistance† was introduced James Scott, as a sort of opposition that is non as dramatic and seeable as rebellions, public violences, presentations, revolutions, civil war or other such organized, corporate or confrontational articulations of opposition. He besides argues that these activities are tactics that exploited people use in order to both survive and undermine inhibitory domination, particularly in contexts when rebellion is excessively hazardous ( Scott, 1985, 1992 ) . Based on this model, research has grown within legion Fieldss, including surveies related to specific societal infinites, such as the workplace ( Huzell 2005 ) and the household ( Holmberg & A ; Ehnander 2007 ) , and among specific groups of population, such as adult females, low-skilled workers, migrators, homosexual ( Myslik 1996 ; Campbell 2004 ) , minorities, and â€Å"new agents† ( e.g. white-power militants ( Simi & A ; Futurell 2009 ) ) . However, a job with the construct of â€Å"everyday resistance† is that it risks labelling many other looks of difference, divergence, or individualism as â€Å"resistance† . Therefore although the oppositional act from urban small towns is quiet, dispersed, disguised or apparently unseeable, whether it is or to what extent it is a signifier of â€Å"everyday resistance† demands to be discussed. Furthermore, this construct has besides been criticised of making a duality between the â€Å"disguised resistance† ( mundane opposition ) and â€Å"publicly declared resistance† . Asef Bayat, for illustration, prefers an instead construct of â€Å"quite encroachment† : â€Å"the silent, protracted but permeant promotion of the ordinary people on the property-owning and powerful in order to last and better their lives†¦marked by quiet, mostly atomized and prolonged mobilisation with episodic corporate action† ( Bayat, 2000 ) . The signifier of opposition can non be isolated from the power it counters. Resistance, be it hidden of â€Å"spectacular† ( Bhabha ) , is situated in certain clip, infinite and dealingss, and engages with different discourses. Therefore mundane opposition can go on between or at the side of unfastened opposition, and frailty versa. In the instance of Chinese urban small towns, there are occasions when the hidden mundane opposition becomes public, corporate and officially organized. It is of import to analyse the opposition of the urban small towns ( some of which they do non see as â€Å"resistance† themselves ) , but non necessary to find precisely when and where â€Å"everyday resistance† happens ; what is more important is to understand what they are seeking through their opposition. Originally proposed by Henri Lefebvre as both a â€Å"cry and a demand† , David Harvey describes the right to the metropolis as â€Å"a collective right which goes beyond simply accessing single urban resources, a freedom to do and refashion ourselves and our cities†¦the most cherished yet most neglected of our human rights† ( Harvey, 2012 ) . During rapid urbanisation, old parts of the metropolis is invariably being wiped off and the metropolis is going an foreign entity, or, as Harvey puts it, the infinite where excesss of capital are being generated. In this manic gait of alteration, the marginalized population, are being invisibilized and pushed out of the metropolis to its borders. As stated before, really frequently they try to entree physical infinite in the metropolis and other services in really quiet, ordinary and elusive ways, but Harvey suggests that the marginalized people should come together as a community and take control of the â€Å"surplusesâ₠¬  which are generated at the disbursal of the metropoliss. However, Harvey has been criticised of romanticising the metropolis as a governable entity, and neglecting to acknowledge the multiple mediums by which people try to negociate their entree to the metropolis. Beyond an abstract rights claim, what extremist public-service corporation does this construct of â€Å"the right to the city† have for the present state of affairs in China, and how might it go, as Harvey suggests it could, â€Å"both working slogan and political ideal† for the urban villagers ( Harvey, 2003 ) ? Could theaccess to the metropolis be conceptualized in footings of rights, or is it the infinites through which people develop belongingness and ownership that should be examined? These inquiries will be farther examined through instance survey in Chapter Three and Chapter Four. 2.2Case Study 2.2.1 Data Collection In order to analyze the confrontation between formal planning and informal slums, informations demands to be collected from both kingdoms. Official programs ( authorised by cardinal authoritiess ) and original paperss of public policies related to urban planning, building ordinance, migration direction and societal public assistances are collected to measure the relationships of power operating. Statistical information sing the redevelopment undertaking of urban small towns in Jinshui District, including continuance, size, developing manner, redevelopment program, and major obstructions ( if any ) besides belong to this kingdom. Geographic informations of urban small towns in Jinshui District and their surrounding environment, including transit system, substructure system, lodging monetary value in the existent estate market and distribution of public installations are collected to analyze the opposition of urban small towns, or in other words, their impact on the urban development. 2.2.2Interview Interviews referred to in Chapter Four were carried out by my confederate in China. Due to the bound of clip and location, I did non take the method of field work or questionnaire study. The interviews were conducted in an informal mode, with the purpose of supplying personal experience and positions, non official historical â€Å"truth† , to the empirical research. At the petition of the interviewees, personal information will non be provided. 2.3Data Beginning Geographical informations dated prior to 1984 were sourced form historical maps and paperss that belong to the private aggregation of a native Zhengzhou citizen, Mr. Niu. Geographical informations ( including official maps ) from 1984 onward were provided by the Mapping Institute of Henan ( a subordinate of the Surveying and Mapping Bureau of Henan ) . Data sing the four cardinal programs conducted in Zhengzhou were provided by the Urban and Rural Planning Bureau of Zhengzhou. Data sing the urban small towns and redevelopment undertakings in the Jinshui District were provided by the Urban Village Renovation Office of Zhengzhou. Other societal and economic informations referred to in this thesis was chiefly collected from the authorities web site, or provided by the Archive of Zhengzhou and the Urban Development Archive of Zhengzhou. All the written stuffs from the above mentioned beginnings were originally in Mandarin Chinese, and the interlingual rendition ( if any ) was conducted by myself ; some of the numerical informations were conjunct signifier Chinese units. Detailed information will be provided for each figure and tabular array. 2.4 Drumhead It could be concluded from the predating description that the research presented in this thesis is strictly qualitative. By pulling on the surveies of Foucault, Scott, Nightingale, Wacquant, Harvey and Castells, the theoretical model of this thesis consists of three parts: power and gavernmentality, segregation and marginality, opposition and the right to the metropolis. The urban development, particularly the issue of urban small towns in Zhengzhou will be examined under this model, taking to reply the research inquiries proposed in the direction.

Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard by Thomas Gray Essay

Thomas Gray’s poem, Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard, was first published in 1751. Gray’s idea of rustic life as describe in this poem is agrarian and devoted to the land. He talks of the plow turning the sod and of the sickle mowing down the grain. He mentions the plowmen driving their team of draught animals from the fields. He tells of straw sheds and of people awaking to the crow of the rooster.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Gray uses the metaphor of sleep to describe death. He says that those asleep no longer hear the voices of children or the touch and the kisses of those loved ones. He describes death as lending a cold ear and those dead as no longer hearing a call to honor nor does it hear any words of flattery.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Gray comments on the deaths of the rich and powerful, saying that those dead are no better off than the poor dead rustics. He says that the fact that the rich man’s bones are in some fine urn does not allow him to enjoy his mansion any more than the farmer enjoys the humble earth in which his bones are placed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Gray takes on the issue of class as a rhetorical device to get his point across that the rewards for both are equal and that death is a leveler of the playing field. He impresses upon the reader the fact that in the humble churchyard may lie the remains of a life that had potential for greatness. He says that many sweet blossoms bloom, live and crumble to dust unseen and unknown by anyone.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   If I were to be lying in the graveyard of the country church I would like to have Gray say of me that I was a friend of heaven, of course, and that I saw and enjoyed the dawns of my days and lived my life to the fullest. Now that I am dead left me sleep in peace and forgive and forget the frailties I displayed on earth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Works Cited   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Gray, T.   Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard 1751

Biography of John W. Young

Biography of John W. Young John Watts Young (September 24, 1930 - January 5, 2018), was one of the best-known of NASAs astronaut corps. In 1972, he served as commander of the Apollo 16  mission to the moon and in 1982, he served as commander of the first-ever flight of the space shuttle Columbia. As the only astronaut to work aboard four different classes of spacecraft, he became known throughout the agency and the world for his technical skill and calm under pressure. Young was married twice, once to Barbara White, with whom he raised two children. After their divorce, Young married Susy Feldman. Personal Life John Watts Young was born in San Francisco to William Hugh Young and Wanda Howland Young. He grew up in Georgia and Florida, where he  explored nature and science as a Boy Scout. As an undergraduate at Georgia Institute of Technology, he studied aeronautical engineering and graduated in 1952 with highest honors. He entered the U.S. Navy straight out of college, eventually ending up in flight training. He became a helicopter pilot, and eventually joined a fighter squadron where he flew missions from the Coral Sea and the USS Forrestal. Young then moved to become a test pilot, as so many astronauts did, at Patuxent River and the Naval Test Pilot School. Not only did he fly a number of experimental aircraft, but he also set several world records while flying the Phantom II jet. Joining NASA In 2013, John Young published an autobiography of his years as a pilot and astronaut, called Forever Young. He told the story of his incredible career simply, humorously, and humbly. His NASA years, in particular, took this man- often referred to as an astronauts astronaut- from the Gemini missions of the early to mid-1960s to the Moon aboard Apollo, and eventually to the ultimate test pilot dream: commanding a shuttle to orbital space. Youngs public demeanor was that of a calm, sometimes wry, but always professional engineer and pilot. During his Apollo 16 flight, he was so laid-back and focused that his heart rate (being tracked from the ground) barely rose above normal. He was well-known for thoroughly examining a spacecraft or instrument and then zeroing in on its mechanical and engineering aspects, often saying, after a blizzard of questions, Im just asking... Gemini and Apollo John Young joined NASA in 1962, as part of Astronaut Group 2. His classmates were Neil Armstrong, Frank Borman, Charles Pete Conrad, James A. Lovell, James A. McDivitt, Elliot M. See, Jr, Thomas P. Stafford, and Edward H. White (who died in the Apollo 1 fire  in 1967). They were referred to as the New Nine and all but one went on to fly several missions over the next decades. The exception was Elliot See, who was killed in a T-38 crash. Youngs first of six flights to space came in March 1965 during the early Gemini era, when he piloted Gemini 3 in the first manned Gemini mission. The next year, in July 1966, he was the command pilot for Gemini 10 where he and teammate Michael Collins did the first double rendezvous of two spacecraft in orbit. When the Apollo missions began, Young was immediately tapped to fly the dress rehearsal mission that led to the first Moon landing. That mission was Apollo 10 and took place in May 1969, not quite two months before Armstrong and Aldrin made their historic trip. Young didnt fly again until 1972 when he commanded Apollo 16 and achieved the fifth human lunar landing in history. He walked on the Moon (becoming the ninth person to do so) and drove a lunar buggy across its surface. The Shuttle Years The first flight of the space shuttle Columbia required a special pair of astronauts: experienced pilots and trained space fliers. The agency chose John Young to command the maiden flight of the orbiter (which had never been flown to space with people aboard) and Robert Crippen as the pilot. They roared off the pad on April 12, 1981. The mission was the first manned one to use solid-fuel rockets, and its objectives were to get to orbit safely, orbit Earth, and then return to a safe landing on Earth, as an airplane does. Young and Crippens first flight was a success and made famous in an IMAX movie called Hail Columbia. True to his heritage as a test pilot, Young descended from the cockpit after landing and did a walk-around of the orbiter, pumping his fist in the air and inspecting the craft. His laconic responses during the post-flight press briefing were true to his nature as an engineering and pilot. One of his most-quoted lines answers was to a question about ejecting from the shuttle if there were problems. He simply said, You just pull the little handle. After the successful first flight of the space shuttle, Young commanded only one other mission- STS-9 again on Columbia. It carried the Spacelab to orbit, and on that mission, Young stepped into history as the first person to fly into space six times. He was supposed to fly again in 1986, which would have given him another space flight record, but the Challenger explosion delayed the NASA flight schedule for more than two years. In the aftermath of that tragedy, Young was very critical of NASA management for its approach to astronaut safety. He was removed from flight duty and assigned a desk job at NASA, serving in executive positions for the rest of his tenure. He never flew again, after logging more than 15,000 hours of training and preparations for nearly a dozen missions for the agency. After NASA John Young worked for NASA for 42 years, retiring in 2004. He had already retired from the Navy with the rank of captain years earlier. Yet, he remained active in NASA affairs, attending meetings and briefings at the Johnson Space Flight Center in Houston. He made occasional public appearances to celebrate important milestones in NASA history and also made appearances at specific space gatherings and a few educators meetings but otherwise remained largely out of the public eye until his death. John Young Clears the Tower for the Final Time Astronaut John W. Young died from complications of pneumonia on January 5, 2018. In his lifetime, he flew more than 15,275 hours in all kinds of aircraft, and nearly 900 hours in space. He earned many awards for his work, including the Navy Distinguished Service Medal with Gold Star, the Congressional Space Medal of Honor, the NASA Distinguished Service Medal with three oak leaf clusters, and NASA Exceptional Service Medal. He is a fixture in several aviation and astronaut halls of fame, has a school and planetarium named for him, and received Aviation Weeks Philip J. Klass award in 1998. John W. Youngs fame extends well beyond his flight time to books and movies. He will always be remembered for his integral role in space exploration history.

How will your system benefit at least one person in the Health Centre Essays

How will your system benefit at least one person in the Health Centre Essays How will your system benefit at least one person in the Health Centre Essay How will your system benefit at least one person in the Health Centre Essay The receptionist will be greatly helped by the new system. It will mean that they are not wasting their time telling patients repetitive information, such as opening times, that could just as easily have been displayed in the new system. It also means that they do not have to spend any time producing posters or the like, to display information like the policies. This means more time can be spent with the patients and doing more vital administrative tasks. In the long run, this may help the Health Centre as a whole, because it may mean they dont have to employ another receptionist, as the work the original receptionist is doing is very specific.2. What are the drawbacks of using your new system?There are several drawbacks with the system, which could have catastrophic effects. If there was a power cut, the supply to all computers and the system would be cut off, so they would no longer work. This may force the Health Centre to close temporarily. Or there could be computer failure, would mean the receptionist would have a much harder task, also because she would have to explain what went wrong. In extreme circumstances, the whole system may be lost due to the breakdown of the memory in the computer, which would have terrible side effects. This may mean that the whole system may need to be produced again, which may be quite expensive.The system could also be vandalised, especially as it will be situated outside. This may consist of having graffiti sprayed onto it or the screen being broken. This may cost the Health Centre a large sum, and it may also mean that they could not afford for it to be fixed, which would more tedious work.3. What have you learned from your experiences whilst creating your system?I have learned to use the programme of PhotoFiltre, whereas before, the only graphics software I was familiar with using was PaintShopPro. This has allowed me to expand on my skills, and make more complex graphics.I have also learned how vi tal it is to save work on a regular basis, just in case something goes wrong with the system. One time, I had not saved my work that day, and an automatic error appeared, meaning I lost all that work. To prevent this, I need to click on the picture of the floppy disk, which is linked to the Save As, on a regular basis.4. Can you suggest possible improvements that could be made to your system in the future?To further expand the system, it could be adapted to fit onto a website. This would allow people to access the system from the comfort of their own home, which is a lot more convenient, especially for people who are housebound. Also, more complex graphics and animations could be put onto the system, detailing other events too, because peoples home computers would be much more equipped to deal with that than the screen at the Health Centre.

SAT Sections, Sample Questions and Strategies

SAT Sections, Sample Questions and Strategies The SAT consists of four required sections: Reading, Writing and Language, Math (No Calculator), Math (Calculator). There is also an optional fifth section: the essay. The Reading section and the Writing and Language section are combined to calculate your Evidence-Based Reading/Writing score. The two math sections are combined to calculate your total Math score. Before taking the test, familiarize yourself with the types of questions and time limits of each section of the SAT. This familiarity will help you feel confident and prepared on test day. SAT Reading Test The SAT Reading Test comes first, and all questions are based on passages that youll read. Youll spend over an hour on this section. Number of Questions: 52Question Type: Multiple choice based on passagesTime: 65 minutes The Reading Test measures your ability to read carefully, compare passages, understand how an author constructs an argument, and figure out what words mean from their context. Realize that this is not an English test- passages will come from not just literature, but also U.S. or world history, the social sciences, and the sciences. The Reading Test may also include info-graphics, graphs, and tables, although you will not need to use math skills to analyze these elements of the test. Sample Questions These sample questions refer to a specific passage. 1. As used in line 32, horrid most nearly meansA) shocking.B) unpleasant.C) extremely bad.D) obnoxious. 2. What statement best characterizes the relationship between Dr. McAllister and Jane Lewis?A) Dr. McAllister admires Janes honesty.B) Dr. McAllister pities Jane because of her low social status.C) Dr. McAllister feels self conscious around Jane because she makes him aware of his failures.D) Dr. McAllister is disgusted by Janes lack of education and poor hygiene. In general, the skills required for the Reading Test are those youve been learning at school and not ones you can cram in preparation for the exam. If you are good at reading a text closely and carefully, you should do well on this section. That said, you should definitely take practice tests to figure out how carefully you need to read the passages and what pace you need to set to ensure you finish in time. For many students, the Reading Test is the most challenging section when it comes to time management. SAT Writing and Language Test The Writing and Language Test also consists of questions based on passages, but the types of questions are different from those on the Reading Test. In addition, the passages are generally shorter, and youll have less time to complete the section. Number of Questions: 44Type of Questions: Multiple choice based on passagesTime: 35 minutes Like the Reading Test, some questions in the Writing and Language Test will include graphs, info-graphics, tables, and charts, but you wont need to use your math skills to arrive at an answer. Questions can ask you about the best word choice for a given context, proper grammar and word usage, organizational elements of a passage, and the best methods for presenting evidence and making an argument. In the reading test, youll be provided a passage that has sentences and locations within the text marked by numbers. Sample Questions These sample questions refer to a specific passage. Which choice makes the most effective transition between the first and second paragraph?A) NO CHANGEB) Despite these dangers,C) Because of this evidence,D) Though the action would be unpopular, To make the ideas in the passage flow logically, sentence 4 should be locatedA) where it is now.B) after sentence 1.C) after sentence 4.D) after sentence 6. Familiarize yourself with this section by taking practice tests (like those from Khan Academy and the College Board). Another way to improve your score is to brush up on grammar rules. Be sure to study conjunction, commas, colon, and semi-colon usage as well as the rules for using commonly confused words, like its vs. its and that vs. which. The score from this section is combined with the score from the Reading Test to arrive at the Evidence-Based Reading and Writing score for the exam. SAT Math Exam The SAT Math Exam is comprised of two sections: SAT Math Test- No Calculator Number of Questions: 20Type of Questions: 15 multiple choice; 5 grid-inTime: 25 minutes SAT Math Test- Calculator Number of Questions: 38Type of Questions: 30 multiple choice; 8 grid-inTime: 55 minutes The results from the calculator and no calculator sections are combined to arrive at your SAT math score. The SAT Math Exam does not cover calculus. Youll need to know algebra and how to work with linear equations and systems. Youll also need to be able to interpret data represented in graphical forms, work with polynomial expressions, solve quadratic equations, and use function notation. Some questions will draw on geometry and trigonometry. Sample Questions 5x x - 2x 3 10 2x x -4In the equation above, what is the value of x?A) 3/4B) 3C) -2/5D) -3 For the following question, you may use a calculator. Grid your answer into the answer sheet.During rush hour traffic, Janet took 34 minutes to complete her 8 mile drive to work. What was her average speed during her drive. Round your answer to the nearest tenth of a mile per hour. Chances are, youre better in some areas of math than others. Use the free math practice materials at Khan Academy to identify your strengths and weaknesses. Then, rather than taking entire practice math tests, you can focus on the areas you find most difficult. SAT Essay (Optional) Most colleges and universities do not require the SAT Essay, but many schools recommend it. To write the essay, youll need to sign up and pay an additional fee when you register for the SAT. You will write the SAT Essay after all students have completed the Reading, Writing and Language, and Math Tests. You will have 50 minutes to write the essay. For the essay portion of the exam, you will be asked to read a passage, and then write an essay that responds to the following prompt. The passage changes for each exam, but the prompt is always the same: Write an essay in which you explain how [the author] builds an argument to persuade [his/her] audience that [author’s claim]. In your essay, analyze how [the author] uses one or more of the features listed above (or features of your own choice) to strengthen the logic and persuasiveness of [his/her] argument. Be sure that your analysis focuses on the most relevant features of the passage. Your essay should not explain whether you agree with [the author’s] claims, but rather explain how the author builds an argument to persuade [his/her] audience. Your SAT Essay will be read and scored by two different people who will assign scores of 1 to 4 in three areas: reading, analysis, and writing. The two scores from each area are then added together to create three scores ranging from 2 to 8. To prepare for the SAT Essay, be sure to look over the sample essays on the College Board website. Youll also find some good sample essays and essay strategies at Khan Academy.

Primate Conservation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Primate Conservation - Essay Example The IUCN has classified 114 out of 379 existing species of primates on the high risk of extinction. Before knowing the steps we can take for conserving them, the reasons behind their extinction should also be known. The immediate threat to primate extinction is ignited through the unfair activities of the humans, which may be directly through habitat disturbance or hunting (intrinsic factors) and indirectly through the introduction of exotic species or a chain of secondary extinctions (extrinsic factors). There are other reasons behind it too, like any natural calamity-drought, famine or floods, or, because of any kind of disease. Also, extinction risk is higher in species of primates with a small population rather than a big one. This happens largely due to predation or a certain kind of any life risking disease which might spread from one primate to another in a particular group and hence lead to their extinction. The intrinsic factors, habitat change and hunting, are the most impo rtant threats to the survival of primates than any other factor (Extinction, n.d). Primates are succumbed to habitat changes because they are losing their homes and food which are most vital for their survival. Trees that are used for home and food by these primates are being cut down extensively to fulfill the market demand for lumber which is considered as a very good source for building material and for fuel. Secondly, farm land which has been cleared of forest trees are in huge demand by plantation owners for setting up business farming industry. Medical advances leading to higher birth rate and increase in immigration is also leading to further decrease in the number of primates in their territory. Thus, the problem of loss of habitat is made worse by human pressure on the forests. Primates require big area enough as homes and if not provided with ultimately lead their death and as we know, chances of existence of small population is very grim (Science daily, 2007). Another cru cial threat that is being faced by our so called relatives is hunting. There is an insatiable demand for bush meat that leads to hunting. Also, many body parts of these primates are used for making traditional Chinese medicine especially in the South East Asia. They are also hunted for the private pet trade (IUCN, 2008). As we all know primate conservation needs to be taken a step forward but in certain areas they are causing excessive damage to the farmer’s fields which is also a matter for concern. According to a research done in the adjoining areas of Budongo Forest Reserve in Uganda, they spoiled the crops of maize and cassava in that area extensively (Journal of Primatology, 2000). Any farmland closely situated to any forests or reserves has to face these consequences thus incurring a huge loss to the farmers. Another study done in Ambroseli National Park, Kenya, stated that there is a lot of aggressiveness amongst the inter group of primates. They try to snatch non natu ral foods from the tourists of the park. Many tourists also complained of monkeys attacking and injuring them around the lodge (African Journal of Ecology, 1998). Dr. Joves Engel, a research scientist in the division of International programs at the UW’s Washington National Private Research Centre says â€Å"

Principles of leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Principles of leadership - Essay Example Some is derived from brute force, some from moral leadership. The truth is that leadership values of the past can easily be transferred to the present and to the future. Furthermore, leadership principles in one field—for example, politics or the military—can be transferred to another field such as business. A useful book on this subject is called Power Ambition Glory by Steve Forbes and John Prevas. In it they discuss many ideas about leadership and its role throughout history. They talk about how it has changed and how it has remained the same. In this book the authors describe the tactics and travails of a number of people such as Alexander the Great, Julius Caesar and Xenophon. These mens lives have lessons for us today but also in a way parallel the lives of some of the most significant business leaders of the 20th and 21st centuries. Business leaders and generals and political leaders all lead high stress lives. Many people depend on them for everything and their decisions have enormous impact. It is therefore very useful to understand what works and what doesnt. The main thing is that leadership values have not changed much over the years and can generally be applied to almost any adventurous scenario. An adventure by nature is an endeavour that involves risk and the potential fo r great loss. In such situations you need a leader by your side to help take care of business. That is the same if you are crossing the Alps to attack Italy or if you are negotiation a big business deal which merge two very large multi-national companies. One of the best things about this book is how it covers so much ground so quickly. It provides an excellent overview of a number of historical periods and places. This part was a very exciting read. I knew little about Xenophon for example and his style of leadership. That was a model which is not often written about. This general style is very important: so many

Communications Studies - Analysis of the structural and cultural Term Paper

Communications Studies - Analysis of the structural and cultural forces that shape a particular media artifact - Term Paper Example ‘Fruitvale Station’ represents an American drama, which released in the year 2013. Ryan Coogler is the director and the writer of this particular story. Oscar Grant, the protagonist of the story did not deserve to have died. This statement pertains to be the central message of the movie. The film primarily dramatized the real case scenario of a young black man, who was shot dead by a white police in the year 2009 at Fruitvale Station. "Racism – and anti-black racism in particular – is the belief that there's something wrong with black people† is the cultural belief portrayed in the movie (Amnesty International, â€Å"USA's Record on Racial Discrimination under Scrutiny†). Oscar Grant as a protagonist reflects three dimensional characteristics of a black male. This is the reason that it can be regarded as one of the rarest artifacts within the American culture. The plot states that Grant was on a train returning to Oakland. Subsequently, he indu lged in fighting after encountering an enemy. Following this scenario, the police detained Grant at the Fruitvale Station and when Grant tried to confront the police regarding their abusive nature, one of them fired Grant on the back. This reflects the cultural dimension pertaining to racial discrimination. This movie conveys an apparent and uncalled for picture of racial discrimination in the United States. ... In the age of 21st century as well, the non-US nationals have been treated harshly on the grounds of discrimination by the US military. Moreover, on the grounds of disparities, it has also been noted that healthcare access and voting rights among others are also affected by racial discrimination amidst blacks and whites. Therefore, Ryan Coogler, the director has clearly been able to show the picture of discrimination within the US through his movie. This particular movie depicts the still prevalent scenario of racism in the US culture especially within the system and psychology of the people (Amnesty International, â€Å"USA's Record on Racial Discrimination under Scrutiny†). According to critics, the killing of the African-American men as depicted in the movie i.e. ‘Fruitvale Station’ conveys the politics, law, violence and racism prevailing within the US. Furthermore, the movie as an artifact aimed to show the world the real picture related to class, masculinity and also the relation existing between various people. It has been very strongly proclaimed in the movie about a black man irrespective of being a common person or a President gets affected by the popular culture and the psychology being practiced in America (Brevet, â€Å"The Tragedy that Inspired Fruitvale Station†). Social along with economic gaps have been greatly visualized within the blacks and whites, which is imbedded in the US culture since ages. Correspondingly, it has been observed that despite the implementation of civil rights and discrimination laws, race-based injustice and disparities continue to persist within the societal system of the US. This movie also relates the apparent inequality being shown by the US military over the non-US

Outlining and Identifying the Characteristics of the Flora and Fauna Essay

Outlining and Identifying the Characteristics of the Flora and Fauna - Essay Example Gaines, and S.D. 2007). Each organism found in this habitat has a different adaptation to increase survival levels in environments with harsh extremes. A rocky shore can typically be separated into different zones each zone has a wealth of species that inhabit it. The splash zone, which is also the spray zone, usually occurs above the spring high tide line. The organisms here have adaptations to cope with high exposure to air and different temperature extremes due to different seasonal fluctuations. The intertidal zone can be split into three different sections the high intertidal area, the low intertidal region and the middle intertidal. The high intertidal zone is mainly hit with the highest of tides. The middle intertidal zone is regularly exposed and submerged by average tides. The low intertidal zone borders the shallow sub tidal zone and is primary marine in character. Shores with vertical zonation are similar globally. Zonation zones are classified by the different exposure le vels to waves and also by the organisms that occur in these areas. Many a biotic factors may influence the result of a comparative survey of rocky shore biota. The geological factors such as the surface texture of surrounding rocks may influence the organisms found as they may need to be adapted to attach to the surface (Kitching, J.A. Little, C. 1996).

The Development of the Italian Opera in the 19th Century Essay

The Development of the Italian Opera in the 19th Century - Essay Example Operas origin is said to have been the celebrations which combined enormous fireworks, beautiful stage decorations, music, singing and dancing.1 These occasions occurring frequently in royal weddings and during festivities started to work themselves around specific themes by the beginning of the 16th century. Jacapo Peri, Monteverde, Francesco Cavalli and many other doyens appeared during this period. Francesco Cavallis works were the first to be termed under the name Opera. Carissimi, Scarlatti, and Handel took Cavallis name forward. By the end of the 18th century symphony and orchestra giving prominent importance to music grew enormously, pushing back the popularity of the Opera. Rossini - the retriever of the Opera sprung to action to bring back this dwindling art from to its previous glory in the 19th century. He was followed by Donizetti, Bellini, Puccini and the ever famous Verdi who is hailed as the major mastermind of the contemporary Opera. Voice was the ruler of any orchestra in the Opera’s during the early 19th century. Polyphonic writings started to lose their grip during this time. Voice clarity and simple language expressing direct views started to matter. Rossini, Donizetti, and Bellini were the three stars of the arias. Flawless phrases and singers with highly toned voices capable of singing in very high notes started to emerge. Cabaletta or rapid precision singing started gaining popularity. The operas of the early 18th century had two main sections the Bel Canto and the Cabaletta.2 Highly prerogative stories insisting patriotism or pious lifestyle started to give way to modern day realistic stories and romantic stories. Humor started to gain major attention in the opera stages. The first half of the 19th century saw the peak of the Bel Canto style.

Outlining and Identifying the Characteristics of the Flora and Fauna Essay

Outlining and Identifying the Characteristics of the Flora and Fauna - Essay Example Gaines, and S.D. 2007). Each organism found in this habitat has a different adaptation to increase survival levels in environments with harsh extremes. A rocky shore can typically be separated into different zones each zone has a wealth of species that inhabit it. The splash zone, which is also the spray zone, usually occurs above the spring high tide line. The organisms here have adaptations to cope with high exposure to air and different temperature extremes due to different seasonal fluctuations. The intertidal zone can be split into three different sections the high intertidal area, the low intertidal region and the middle intertidal. The high intertidal zone is mainly hit with the highest of tides. The middle intertidal zone is regularly exposed and submerged by average tides. The low intertidal zone borders the shallow sub tidal zone and is primary marine in character. Shores with vertical zonation are similar globally. Zonation zones are classified by the different exposure le vels to waves and also by the organisms that occur in these areas. Many a biotic factors may influence the result of a comparative survey of rocky shore biota. The geological factors such as the surface texture of surrounding rocks may influence the organisms found as they may need to be adapted to attach to the surface (Kitching, J.A. Little, C. 1996).

Welsh Migration in the late 19th century Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Welsh Migration in the late 19th century - Essay Example Wales occupies the western part of the island of Great Britain facing the sea across Ireland. It was settled by Celts thousands of years ago and, by nature of the rugged mountainous terrain that isolated it from the rest of the island, the Welsh developed a culture, language, and history that is distinguishable from the rest of the U.K. With three sides facing the sea - the Irish Sea to the north, Bristol Channel on the south, and St. George's Channel and Cardigan Bay in the west-Wales developed to become a major source of seafarers and a centre of shipping. Cardiff, the Welsh capital, has one of the best natural seaports in the kingdom. Tucked at the south-eastern corner and close to the boundary between Wales and England, Cardiff's seaport towns of Tiger Bay and Butetown provided a perfect crossroads for ships and their cargoes of goods and people to and from England and the rest of the world. This explains partly why the Welsh are tough, universal, and open to other cultures as the exposure to other peoples have taught them to be tolerant in human nature and temperament. This also justifies why the Welsh are amongst the most daring of English peoples to settle in far-off lands like Australia and Patagonia. Wales is also a land rich with natural resources, mainly coal, iron, slate, gold, and other metals. This is why mining was the main industry and source of employment for many years, supported by the presence of shipyards and ports that brought in workers from over the world to mine the land and ship out coal and other minerals that were sold to the world. Industrial Revolution and Immigration The industrial revolution in late 18th century England caused a huge demand for coal, the fuel that provided the energy needed by steam engines in so-called manufactories producing anything from steel pins to textile. The wealth boom is much like what we are witnessing with the oil-producing nations of our century, as coal was then the oil of industry. The revolution caused a huge demand for raw materials and minerals and, because of economic wealth, a parallel demand for gold and building materials was generated. This led to the opening of more mines to extract natural resources and finding new and more efficient ways to transport these materials to other parts of England and the world. Amongst the results was an explosion in the demand for workers. Initially, these workers consisted of British and Welsh farmers displaced by the drop in agricultural labour demand due to higher wages being earned by work in factories instead of farmlands. This resulted in internal migration from other parts of Wales and the British Isles until the middle of the 19th century into the southern counties of Bridgend, Rhondda, Glamorgan, Merthyr, and Cardiff. However, in such a rough and sparsely populated land, the supply of labour was soon exhausted, so the people had to come from abroad. The magnitude of the immigration phenomenon can be grasped by looking at Welsh population figures in the early, middle, and later 19th century: 600,000 in 1801, 1.2 million in 1851, and 2 million by 1901. In the last decade of the 19th century, an estimated 240,000 immigrants moved into the coalfields of South Wales. Glamorgan's population boomed from 70,000 in 1801 to 1.1 million by 1901, whilst Rhondda's exploded from

Negotiation Mistake Essay Example for Free

Negotiation Mistake Essay Negotiating is hard, no one denies it, but its also a valuable skill. An expert from Carnegie Mellon told BNET that if you fail to negotiate a higher salary just once at the start of your career, you can expect to leave $1-2 million on the table throughout your working life due to raises being calculated from a lower starting point. Thats conclusive proof that you need to negotiate, but its not enough to just give it a whirl, you also need to do it right. Unfortunately, there are plenty of ways to get things wrong, according to Margaret Neale, director of Stanford Business Schools executive education program in negotiation. Citing her expertise, Stanfords Knowledgebase recently outlined six common negotiation pitfalls that commonly trip people up. Some, like treating cross-cultural negotiations like local ones, are only applicable to fairly narrow situations, but the three below could apply to nearly any negotiation: Thinking the pie is fixed. Usually its not. You may make this common mistake when there is a congruent issue, when both parties want the same thing. For example: In the context of an overall negotiation involving salary, bonus, and vacation, the boss wants to transfer a junior manager to San Francisco. The manager is eager for the San Francisco assignment. But frequently, the employee will look at the situation and believe that since the boss gave him a desired promotion the employee must compromise on the transfer location. The employee might actually suggest a transfer to Atlanta. His psychology is: I cant expect to get everything I want, so Ill take the middle. The boss is ambivalent about the transfer and figures she can get someone else to go to San Francisco. You think it is unlikely an employee in a career negotiation would miss such an obvious opportunity? Neale repeatedly has performed this exercise in her classes and finds that 20 to 35 percent of the students assume its a fixed pie and miss an opportunity to get what both parties want. Failing to pay attention to your opponent. Negotiators need to analyze the biases their opponents bring to the table. How will they evaluate your offers? One way to get inside your opponents head and influence his attitude is to shape the issues for him, a technique called framing. If you get your opponent to accept your view of the situation, then you can influence the amount of risk he is willing to take. For example, you are a purchasing manager renegotiating an hourly wage contract with a subcontractor. The subcontractor currently makes $10 an hour. You are willing to elevate the subcontracting firm to $11 an hour. Another organization recently boosted its rate with your subcontractor to $12 an hour. You know that when the negotiators for your subcontractor hear your $11 offer, they may think they are going to have to give up a dollar an hour. You must get them to focus on the point you are starting from $10, not $12. You frame the issue positively by talking about all the ways your contract is different from the others. Your contract has some advantages outside of the hourly pay. The other side will be more willing to risk lower wages for the purported other benefits. A common mistake is negotiating from a negative frame: The other firms deal offers more, but we can afford only $11. Paying too much attention to anchors. Anchors are part of a bargaining dynamic known as anchoring and adjustment. This involves clearly setting the parameters for negotiation. For example, a couple was selling their house for $500,000. The first offer came in at $375,000, which was too low to consider. If the couple had acknowledged the offer with a counter, they would have started bargaining somewhere between $500,000 and $375,000. Instead, they responded that it was not a reasonable offer and told the buyers to come back when they had a decent offer. The buyers came back at $425,000. The seller then countered at $495,000. The buyers then came up to $430,000, but the sellers still didnt accept the offer. The buyers argued that they had come up $55,000 from $375,000. But the sellers were careful to remind them that $375,000 was not their starting point; rather, it was $425,000, the first reasonable offer. Using that anchor, the sellers argued that they had come down $5,000 from $500,000 and the buyer had come up $5,000 from $425,000. Both had moved the same amount in negotiations. One more round of bidding had the house sold for a price well above the buyers initial bid. The point is: Youve got to watch the anchors and where they are set, says Neale.

Effect Of The Peloponnesian War On Greek Art

Effect Of The Peloponnesian War On Greek Art In this lecture the topic of Greek art and the Peloponnesian War will be discussed. The Peloponnesian War lasting from 432-400 BC did have an effect on Greek art, and for that reason, it should be referred to by separating and marking a major break in the history of Greek art. The division should portray where the war changed Classical art and how it shifted away from the Classical standard or ideal. One must also understand that although there is a break in style and composition from the Classical ideal, it never completely vanishes, nor does it ever completely perpetuate through history. This lecture will talk about what the Classical ideal means, what was the Peloponnesian War; it will focus on the art of sculpture, and then briefly touch upon later works of art that followed the Fourth Century to get a better understanding of why the Classical form continues to be part of Greek history and even contemporary history. CLASSICAL IDEAL Perhaps the best way to examine how there exist a break between the High Classical 450 to 430 BC and the Late Classical 430 to 400 BC periods, the time of the Peloponnesian War, is to clarify what constitutes the Classical ideal style in sculpture. Then, one can examine how the later periods moved away from this ideal. The development of the Classical style originated from as early as the end of the Archaic period, however, the basis for the ideal form was not fashioned until the period of High Classical art and architecture. Made famous by Pericles, the elected leader of the Athenian military until his death in 429 BC, the Parthenon became the symbol of Athens and High Classical art. Pericles plan for the Parthenon was to propagate unity of the Greek Empire and to have Athens as its leader and demonstrate the power that came with winning the war against the Persians. The message spread was clear; the Parthenon was built to remember Athenian victory over the uncivilized Persians and as a symbol for self-confidence and admiration. In Greek Art and Archaeology John Pedley describes Pericles views: The exceptional character of the democracy was at the bottom of Perikles belief in Athens, according to Thucydides, who has him speak in the following terms: We are a democracy in which a citizen is advanced as a reward of merit; a spirit of reverence pervades our public acts; we love the beautiful; we cultivate the mind; Athens is the school of Hellas. For Perikles, the Parthenon may have stood as an emblem of the democracy and as an instrument for the education of Greece. It is this attitude and way of thinking, as well as the physical forms of the architecture of the Parthenon that brought about the idea of the perfect model. Polycleitos of Argos is considered responsible for the construction of the standard form in sculpture. He is famous for his Canon, which illustrates the forms of symmetria, or commensurability, through actual proportions and set measures for the human body in sculpture. Although, much of the Canon is lost and none of his bronze sculptures survive there is still evidence in numerous Roman copies of his work. The most popular copies are those of the Doryphoros [4] or the spear bearer. The structure of the Doryphoros is what makes is unique compare to earlier sculptures, like the Kritios Boy. The form of Polycleitos work shows what might have been written in his Canon; a walking stance, distant stare, and contrapposto composition all aligned by symmetria. According to Pedley, the walking stance is categorized as such because of the way one leg is raised, thus the weight of the body goes to the other leg as if about to step forward. The expression on the face is still distant and relaxed, like those figures found in the Parthenon. The contrapposto, formed by raising the hip with the leg bearing the weight and slightly skewing the shoulders, creates a balance between tense forms and relaxed one. The balance of the body as well as the detail of the bone and muscle, sinew and vein, and hair and flesh help create the ideal shape of the human body. It all works with the proper application of proportionality created by Polycleitos, which strives for an element of perfection. This is the structure and composition one must keep in mind when thinking of the Classical ideal. PELOPONNESIAN WAR Some may say that in examining works of art from the start of Classical ideal to the beginning of the Fourth Century, which is from the time of the Parthenon all the way to 400 BC, there is continuity in style and form. However, if one reads about the war that lasted for thirty years between Athens and Sparta one might begin to see the design and construction of a new form of art in relevance with what was happening between the periods of 430-400 BC. Therefore, it would be better to break down the classical period into separate parts, thus having a split between High Classical period 480-450 BC and the Fourth Century, called the Late Classical period when the Peloponnesian War occurred. Donald Kagan in his book The Peloponnesian War, talks about the conflicts and battles prior, during and after the war. The war between Athens and Sparta started from conflicts between cities and alliances. For many years prior Athens and Sparta had been rivals, but neither wished to go to war with each other, for different reasons. Sparta was afraid that if they left their land to fight at Athens other major states, like Argos, and their helot subordinates would attack their weakened city and form a rebellion against them. And self-confident Athens just had won the war against the Persians, and thus wanted no more quarrels. Nonetheless, their reluctance did not stop either of the states from forming alliances. The Peloponnesian League, or the Spartan Alliance, was majorly formed by Sparta, Elis, Megara, and Mantinea and sometimes Thebes and Corinth. The Athenian alliance is modernly called the Delian League, formed by the region of Attica and surrounding islands; though some regions maintained autonomous. Nevertheless, these allies soon became the great Greek Empire with Athens as its leader and Sparta did not like this. Prior to the outbreak of the major war in 432 BC there were shorter yet significant conflicts and battles with different states from both leagues. For example, when Magara and Corinth went to war the Spartans denied Magaras request for help against Corinth, and instead asked Athens for help. Athens knowing that an alliance with Magara would be a great advantage agreed to help. However, that decision created hostility from Corinth against Athens, which will play a greater role in future conflicts. Donald Kagan explains that this first war ended when the Magarians defected from the Athenian alliance and returned to the Peloponnesian League, opening the way for the Spartan king Pleistoanax to lead a Peloponnesian army into Attica. But at the end Sparta retreated perhaps due to Pericles offer for a peace treaty. The treaty recognized Spartas hegemony on the mainland and Athens in the Aegean both accepted the dualism into which the Greek world had been divided. Also, it reassured that sta tes already in the alliances of the two parties could not change sides once in a league, like Magara had done and neutral states could choose either side. There were still some conflicts through the years always threatening Athens and Spartas treaty, but the two state leaders maintained peace for as long as they could. It was not until the war between Corinth and Corcyra over Epidamnus, according to Kagan, that the matter became more complicated. Corcyra, a neutral state at the time asked Athens for their aid against Corinth. Corinth tried to convince Athens that if they accepted that it would be a breach of the peace treaty for Corinth would have to ask Sparta to join as well. Both Sparta and Athens were hesitant of joining either party, but at the end Athens did accept Corcyras request, with the condition that it would only be defensive aid; Sparta denied Corinth. But Corinths continued to seek vengeance and tried to convince Sparta to get involved. In addition Athens had passed a decree barring the Megarians from the harbors of the Athenian Empire and from the Athenian agora, and scholars believe it was a device intended as a delibe rate provocation to war, a statement of defiance to the Peloponnesian League, an attempt to enrage the Spartans into violating the treaty. No matter the reasons after many negotiations and deliberation Sparta and Athens waged war. It was a war that lasted too long and cost Athens many losses along with some victories. The overall effect of the war left Athens destroyed, divided, demoralized and with limited resources. The plague also took about a third of the Athenian population including its most admired leader, Pericles; bringing new politicians and therefore new strategies to the war accordingly. But it was when the Persians joined the Peloponnesian League that Athens completely fell. Although, around 403 BC when Sparta left Athens and a new democracy was reinstated, Athens was never the same, as it was during its High Classical period. This realization and devastation left a mark on the formerly confident Greek psyche, consequently revealing itself through art. SCULPTURES For the rest of this lecture sculptures of the Late Classical through the Fourth Century will be discussed in terms of how it shifted to a different form of expression and style from the Classical standard, and one will examine other popular mediums of art which rose in popularity at the end of the Late Classical and early Fourth Century. Portraits of busts from the Late Classical period will be compared to those of the early Fourth Century. These two portraits are, respectively, a Herm with Portrait Bust of Perikles (Roman copy) [1] and Double portrait of Sophocles and Aristophanes [2] and [3]. In terms of contrasting body sculptures the Statue of Ares from approximately 430 BC [5] and the Nike by Paionios, in original [6] and [7] and reconstructed forms [8], from about 420-10 BC will be evaluated. In addition to the latter work certain trends in art will be mentioned which relate to the psychological toll of the Pelopennesian War perceived in some work of art. Statues barring simil arities to the Nike by Paionios will be analyzed; these include the Statue of Aphrodite [9] and Victory: Akroterion [10]. Then, later artist from late Fourth Century to the Hellenistic period, like Proxiteles, Skopas and Lysippos will demonstrate where the transition in style after the Peloponnesian War resonated and continued to grow after the fall of Athens. PORTRAITS The Herm with the portrait bust of Pericles is a Roman copy of its Greek 431 BC bronze said to be made by Kresilas, a native of Crete but who worked mainly in Athens. He follows the patterns of the idealistic shape. He is described by Pliny to have the skill of which can make famous men even more famous. This is a good example of the ideal expression that is found in figures at the Acropolis. It is ideal, young, and tranquil and it does not show the heavy responsibility that the general Pericles has to carry. The helmet represents who he is and his importance as a leader. On the other hand there is the Double portrait of Sophocles and Aristophanes also a Roman copy but from the early fourth century. There is a distinct contrast between these two portraits, and this is to represent how far apart these two styles separate in a short period of time. The ideal face of Pericles perhaps was used more to send a message that he is ideal for the job that has been entrusted in him and could ha ve been frequently replicated in large numbers and distributed throughout [his] respective [states]. But the faces of the writers Sophocles and Aristophanes are more realistic, showing their furrowed brows and wrinkled forehead, as if they were thinking about what to write next and also indicative of their age. No longer worried about the ideals of the Fifth Century these portraits show more expression and naturalism than realism as an ideal. The Statue of Ares about 430 BC portrays the same if not similar characteristics of Polycleitos Doryphoros. As it has been mentioned the Doryphoros was subject to many copies, but so were other statues from the same school of art or followers of Phedias, sculptor and seer of the project of the Parthenon; and Alcemenes was one of them. This statue follows the classical proportions and characteristics of the contrapposto and a slight walking stance. His expression is too distant as if lost in his own mind. Symmetria is most definitely present in the composition of the musculature and balance of the body. One expects to see these same features in later works of sculptures, lets say a decade apart, like one sees in the Doryphoros compare to the Diadoumenos also by Polycleitos. However, only ten years apart at about 420 BC the Nike by Paionios could not be compared as similarly. The akroteria of Victory is shown at the moment of touching down, still hovering in flight and with wings (now lost) unfolded. Her bared limb and breast contrast against her body by the rush of her flight, accentuates her anatomy. This statue clearly wants to give a wow effect to the viewer, and perhaps to lift the spirits of the people of Athens and those states fighting the war. It was dedicated to celebrate [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] a victory of the Messenians and Naupaktians over the Spartans. This very big flowing drapery is a style at the time becoming more popular as the appearance of expression becomes more prominent during and after the war with the Peloponnesians. One knows because of the inscription on the Nike by Paionios that this statue is specifically connected to the Peloponnesian War. Therefore, why could one not assume that the war was on everyones mind and causing a change in the style of art? Certainly, the Doryphoros or the Statue of Ares do not represent such troubled times. They are still stuck in the past trying to reach an ideal that is not representative of the time; but they were still being made. For this reason, one must understand that major events, like catastrophic war and plague, takes time to set in peoples consciousness and thus will not be characterized until later years. One does not see the change of style until later in the period, at around 420-410 BC. There is another reason why the Classical ideal might have continued through the time of war. That is artists were following certain trends. Discussed in another lecture, characteristic trends of pursuation, escapism, and soberness can be found in arts associated wi th the Peloponnesian War. The figure in flight of the Nike of Paionios has an illusionistic quality of persuasion, something like a miracle, which could aid Athens end the war. But the war continued and perhaps people wanted to forget about their troubles and tragedies of the war. Art created another world for people to escape to. Though not illustrated in this lecture, the Vase by the Meidias painter was at odds with the implied tension of the activities shown and with rigor of the Peloponnesian War then engulfing Athens. The third trend, soberness, tends to follow the realistic effects of the war on people. As the casualties of the war increased so did the use of grave stones as burial markers, known as stele. These steles were the expression of sorrow and sadness and used to commemorate Greek losses. Unfortunately for the Greeks, the steles are also evidence of their economic decline as well as fall from power. From the faces and postures of the steles of the young woman [11], th e woman [12], and the family [13], the viewer can see and feel the sadness emanating from these work of art. The stillness, quietude and sober contemplation are all confirmation of the grim statues of Athens. The arts of the stele from the Fourth Century foreshadow the style attributed to the Hellenistic period, that of drama and expression. However, before this time period the aftermath of the war left Athens lost. Works of art started to look Classical again. This archaism of the late Fourth Century reflected a need for order from chaos and revival of the Greek world, to recapture something of the confident humanism and harmony of forces. Lysippos, working around 370-300 BC, concerns himself with the principles of symmetria and looks back at Polycleitos and Proxiteles for guides. And from them he develops his own style. His work is more slender, with long limbs and small heads, and give the illusion of being taller. Limbs often extend away from the body so that Lysipposs figures occupy more physical space.And perhaps this search for classicismafter the fall of Athens and prior to it make is harder to see where there is rupture and where there is continuity in the beginning and the end o f the classical era. As a conclusion looking at the style and form of the Nike by Paionios in comparison to later works of art like the Statue of Aphrodite and Victory: Akroterion, as well as late Fourth Century sculptures, like Artemis Brauronia copy of Proxiteles [16] and Niobid and Youngest Daughter Roman copy from ca. 300 BC [17], one sees more similarities (in drapery and movement) between all these rather than the classical ideal of the Statue of Ares or the Doryphoros. Therefore, is it more practical to assume that the Peloponnesian War did have an effect on Greek art and that it should be classified as its own period? It is better to understand it in this fashion rather than trying to argue for continuity in style and composition or worse to ignore the subject all together. War is a very influential catalyst, and like the division between Early Classical and High Classical when Athens grew from the power of winning a war, so should there be a division between High Classical and Late Classical fol lowed by the Fourth Century for losing a war.

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Minority entrepreneurs have many barriers they have to overcome in order to be successful. Some typical problems they face are limited access to capital, lower equity investments, and less exposure to entrepreneurship. Minority entrepreneurs are twice as likely to be turned down for traditional lending, which can discourage them from even applying for a loan. Not only that but they are less likely to be considered by traditional or angel investors. They also generally live in run down areas, with poor schooling and less access to successful people. One entrepreneur who has hurdled over all the barriers and became extremely successful is Russell Simmons, the co-founder of Def Jam Records. Biography of Russell Simmons Russell Simmons was born in Queens, New York, on October 4, 1957. Growing up in Queens, he spent part of his adolescent years as a street hustler. During his middle school years, he sold marijuana and was even a member of a local gang. He was arrested twice on other charges and was given probation. At eighteen he began taking college classes in the New York area and started working at an Oranje Julius, but financed his clubbing lifestyle by selling fake cocaine. One night in 1977 while at a club he saw the clubbers going crazy over a song from Eddie Cheeba, an early rapper and DJ, he decided that it was the sound of the future. Simmons quit selling fake drugs and left college to begin promoting concerts and forming his own management company for artists. He called his company Rush Management. He managed Kurtis Blow, and Run-D.M.C.. In 1884 he partnered with Rick Ruban and founded Def Jam Recordings and starting the cultural revolution known as hip-hop. Businesses & Industries  ¬Ã‚ ¬Russell Simmons has his fingers in a ... ...nced everything from music to finance and philanthropy. He has been the architect in creating the trends in current pop culture. A majority of Simmons’ endeavors would fall into the venture opportunity school of thought, and he took an integrative approach. My Thoughts Simmons built an entertainment empire, with hip-hop at the foundation. By fighting for hip-hop, even when everyone said it was a fad Simmons taught me that, even if everyone doubts something, all it will take is one person to believe and to fight for what they believe in. I also learned that if one person starts to work towards a goal, it would pave the way for others to follow. Simmons often said that â€Å"Black culture or urban culture is for all people who buy into it and not just for black people. Whether it’s film or TV or records or advertisement or clothing, I don’t accept the box they put me in.†

Nickel Base Super Alloys For Aerospace Materials Engineering Essay

A ace metal, high public presentation metal is an metal which exhibits first-class mechanical strength and weirdo opposition and besides have good corrosion and oxidization opposition. Super metal typical have a matrix with face centered three-dimensional crystal construction. A Ace metal base debasing component is nickel, Co, or nickel-iron. In Earlier 1950 ‘s unstained steel is used as a ace metal. Super metal growing that has quickly improved both on chemical and processing of that which led to rapid growing in aerospace, industrial gas turbine and marine turbine industry. In which nickel base ace metal are used in the readying of the turbine blades which can defy long clip at the elevated temperatures for the betterment of the public presentation of the turbine. Desirable features of high temperature ace metals: 1. Nickel basal metal should hold ability to defy lading at an operating temperatures near to the thaw point. 2. It has significant opposition to mechanical debasement over the drawn-out period of clip ( immune to crawl ) . 3. It should digest terrible runing environments ( immune to corrosive atmosphere ) .Chemical composing and Microstructure of Nickel base super alloys.Earlier Ni-based ace metal was derived from metals incorporating add-ons of chromium, copper, carbon monoxide and fe.With belongingss superior to that of chromium steel steels as these individual stage Ni-base metal exhibits good high temperature strength and corrosion opposition. As rigorous demands of the quickly developing aerospace industry. To better the above desirable features of the ace alloys aluminium add-ons to be added to individual stage nickel base super alloys to bring forth two stage microstructure to organize ordered ?1 matrix distributed within a broken ? matrix. In the stage diagram as the Al degrees typically at about 18 atomic % and staying 70-80 % as Ni. As the big emphasiss are required for the disruption of the ?1precipitates to boot shearing of the precipitates the ordination of the ?1 precipitates requires the formation of the anti stage boundary. As the big emphasis required for orowan obeisance and the shearing of the precipitates. So, these cubelike crystals of the secondary stage are highly effectual in suppressing the mobility of the disruptions. And besides improves the weirdo belongingss at the temperatures from 700-10000c.As the high temperature belongingss of Ni-base super metals are: Ni has a face centered three-dimensional crystal construction with high thaw temperature which makes it malleable and tough.Ni is stable in Fcc crystal construction from room temperature to its runing point. so there is no stage alteration and diffusion rates in Ni are low which improves microstructure stableness at elevated temperatures. As the misfit between the ? and ?1 precipitates will alter the microstructure under the influence of th e emphasis as this is controlled by changing the chemical composings and treating conditions. As in the Ni base ? – ?1 precipitates the strength and weirdo opposition has been increased by developing some technology solutions to get the better of the restrictions. The major debasing elements that should be added to Ni base metals are Al, Ni, Ti and Nb as the add-on of these tend to divider of preferentially to intermetallic ?1 precipitates. Co add-on provides solid solution beef uping but is chiefly added to modify the ?1 solvus temperatures. And other debasing add-ons are Re, W, Mo, V, Cr and Pt group metals are added to beef up to both solid ? and ?1 precipitates at elevated temperatures. As the Al and Cr both are added to beef up the Ni-base metals but depending upon the belongingss required should be added for one peculiar set of belongingss. The minor debasing elements such as B, C, Zr and Hf, were added ensuing in the formation of the carbides and on occasion borides at the grain boundary. As the C atoms exhibit high affinity for the elements such as Hf, Zr, Ta and Ti, Nb, tungsten, Mo, V and Cr, the bulk of carbides in Ni-base metal is metal atom carbides may precipitate from liquid during hardening. As the carbides may impact the weariness belongingss of the stuff the presence of the distinct carbide at the grain boundary inhibits the sliding and harm during the weirdo.Creep behavior of Ni-based metals:Creep is the distortion under the influence of emphasiss at elevated temperature. Creep is the clip dependent, inelastic and irrerecoverable distortion. Creep is more terrible in stuffs subjected to heat for a long periods. As creep ever increases with temperature. The rate of distortion of the stuff depends upon the stuff belongingss, clip, temperature and applied emphasis. See the blades of the turbines as the weirdo of the blade is to reach the shell, ensuing in the failure of the blade. Creep does non happen all of a sudden like brickle stuffs as it is a clip dependent distortion. The phases of the weirdo are in the primary phase strain rate is comparatively high, but slows with increasing strain this is due to work hardening, in the secondary phase the strain rate finally reaches minimal and becomes changeless and in the concluding phase strain additions quickly because of the necking phenomena. General creep equations: d?/dt = C?m/db e-q/kt Where ? is the weirdo strain, C is changeless dependant on the stuff, ? is the applied emphasis, m and B are the advocates depend on weirdo is the grain size, K is Boltzmann ‘s invariable. There are 3 types of weirdo:Dislocation weirdo:Dislocation weirdo of the stuff is the motion of the disruptions through the crystal lattice. It causes fictile distortion of the single crystals at the terminal of the stuff. d?/dt = A?ne-q/ktNabarro-herring weirdo:Nabarro-herring weirdo is a signifier of diffusion weirdo in which atoms migrate within the grain boundary to stretch grain along the emphasis axis. At higher temperatures the diffusivity additions due to the direct temperature dependance of the equation, the addition in the vacancy through defect formation, an addition in the mean energy of the atoms in the stuff.Coble weirdo:Coble weirdo is besides one of the diffusion controlled weirdo as the atoms diffuse along the grain boundary which produces a net flow of the stuff and a sliding of the grain boundaries.Defects in crystals:a – interstitial dross atom in the crystal lattice b – Edge disruption in the crystal c – Self interstitial atom of the stuff d – Vacancy in the lattice construction e – Precipitate of dross atoms f – Vacancy disruption of the cringle g – Interstitial disruption in the cringle h – Substitution dross atom in the stuffDislocations:Dislocation is a 1-D defect as the lattice is merely disturbed along the disruption line. The disruption of the crystal may be generated due to some vacancies, point defects, interstitial drosss in the crystal lattice.Edge Dislocation:The motion of the disruption moves the crystal from one side relation to the other. In the figure below the left figure shows the shutting of the disruption crystal. And the right figure shows same concatenation of base vectors in a perfect mention lattice and the circuit does non shut the vector which closes the circuit is called Burgers vector which represents the disruption of the crystal.Screw disruption:The atomic representation of the screw disruption is complicated and still Burgers vector is possible to stand for the disruption. If we move on the circuit of the disruption it will travel in a handbill like a prison guard. So, this is called as prison guard disruption as the Burgers vector does non alterations in both the disruptions but there is a alteration in the mark convention depending upon the clockwise and anti clock rotary motion of the vectors along the circuit.Defects in the gamma premier stage:The defects in the gamma premier stage undergo 3 types of defects they are 1. Planar defects 2. Line defects 3. Point defects As the defects the Ni and Al atoms, when bonded together an interface boundary known as the anti-phase boundary offprints Ni-Ni and Al-Al bonds as the figure of Ni-Al bonds near the APB is well reduced. In the line defects the stage dissociate into partial disruptions. In the point defects as the compositional scope of Al is 23 to 27 % .Thus, merely little divergences causes the point defects.Strengthening in nickel base metals:The mechanical belongingss of the Ni based alloys depend on the province of microstructure, chemical composing and processing conditions. As the disruptions of the stuff is reduced by some beef uping mechanisms to increase the hardness and strength. Work hardening: Solid solution strengthening/alloying: In this mechanism the solute atoms of one component are added to another, ensuing in either significant or interstitial point defects. The solute atoms cause lattice deformations that impede disruption gesture. The emphasis required to travel disruptions in the stuff is: ? = Gbc1/2?3/2 Where degree Celsius is the solute concentration and ? is the strain on the stuff caused by solutePrecipitation Hardening:In most metals, 2nd stage can be precipitated from matrix in solid province. The atoms that compose the 2nd stage precipitates act as traping points in a similar mode to solutes. The disruptions in a stuff can interact with the precipitate atoms in one of two ways. If the precipitate atoms are little, the disruptions would cut through them. If larger precipitate atoms, looping or obeisance of the disruptions would happen. For atom looping/bowing ? = Gb/L-2r For atom film editing ? = r/bLGrain boundary strengthening:In metals grain size has enormous influence on the mechanical belongingss. Because grains normally have changing crystallographic orientations, grain boundary arises. The emphasis required to travel a disruption from one grain to another in order to plastically deform a stuff depends on the grain size. The mean figure of disruptions per grain lessenings with mean grain size.Processing of individual crystal Nickel based metals:Hardening theory:Equations for growing:Hardening is a physical alteration from liquid province to solid province of the stuff. As the heat transportation from the system to the milieus. In general, the composing of solid should be different from that of the liquid with an impure stuff will besides necessitate conveyance of solute. The regulating equations for the diffusion of heat and solute is I = S for solid and L for liquid, Ci =solute concentration in stage I, Ti = temperature in stage I, Di= solute diffusion coefficient in stage I, ? = Thermal diffusion coefficient, At the interface between solid and liquid Ts1 = TL1 = TI TI = Temperature of solid/liquid interface. CsI = kCL1 K = distribution coefficientSolute under chilling:This is the equation under chilling due to the presence of the solute in the stuff. The composing of the liquid at the interface, CL1 will in general will be different from the majority composing. If the stuff is pure ( ?Ts = 0 )Curvature under chilling, ?T?T? = ?â€Å" ( 1/R1+1/R2 ) â€Å" = Gibbs Thomson coefficient. R1, R2 = rule radii of curvature As the Gibbs Thomson consequence arise due to the extra energy associated with the formation of a solid/liquid interface.Kinetic under chilling ?Tk:Growth of stage is a non equilibrium procedure during the procedure atoms gain energy between liquid and solid and a net transportation of atom will merely happen. As the drive force through the under chilling is known as kinetic under chilling.Interface construction:The interface construction is dependent on the solid/liquid interface bonding. The growing of the interface may be of two types.1. Faceted growing:In faceted growing the crystals are bonded by angular surfaces turning to crystallographic plane. As the substances exhibit complex crystal construction and way bonding.2. Non-Faceted growing:There is similarity between constructions, denseness and bonding in the solid and liquid interface. The dynamicss is independent of crystal orientation and the interface between the two stages will be more gradual and it becomes automatically unsmooth.Hardening of pure stuffs:For pure stuffs the above solute equations are non important. As in the under chilling for the pure stuffs ?Ts = 0.There stableness of the solid/liquid interface for pure stuffs will be dependent on the conditions of growing. There are two methods1. Columnar ( or ) directional hardening:In the directional hardening heat is extracted through the solid in the opposite way to the growing way.2. Equiaxed hardening:The heat extracted through the under cooled liquid into which the free crystals are turning. As the disturbance in the hardening forms spherical interface. Heat rejected is more the spherical interface will ever be unstable.Hardening of Binary metals:Directional hardening of binary metals for two-dimensional interface:The growing produced by easy traveling liquid specimen from a furnace. It is known as directional hardening. For two-dimensional interface, ?Tr =0 and the equilibrium at the interface ?Tk =0.Therfore the under chilling and compos ings at the interface will be given equilibrium. For the hardening of the metal three instances are to be considered. A Typical stage diagram of a two component metal.1. Complete commixture in liquid, none in solid:This is practically merely possible when either the specimen length is really little or if a convective commixture in the liquid. The solute rejected by each little volume of the solid to organize distributed equally throughout the staying liquid.2. No convection diffusion in liquid, none in solid:This state of affairs occurs in thin specimen, gravitation stabilised or infinite experiment. Hardening begins with an initial transient during which an enriched solute boundary bed builds up in front of the solid/liquid interface.3. Partial commixture by convection in liquid:In this method presume a dead boundary bed of width in front of the solid/liquid interface in which conveyance occurs by diffusion merely. Outside this bed there is a complete commixture in the liquid.Columnar and Equiaxed grain construction:Equiaxed grain construction: The heat is extracted through the under chilling liqui d. The temperature at the tip of the dendrite is negative. This is besides known as stray growing or unconstrained growing. The commanding parametric quantity for the growing speed is merely the under chilling Columnar grain construction: The heat is extracted through the solid in the opposite way to the growing way. The temperature at the tip of the dendrites is positive. It has constrained growing because the speed is fixed.Investing casting for individual crystal turbine blades:Investing casting is besides known as low wax casting. This procedure is one of the oldest fabrication procedures. It can be used to do the parts that can non be produced by normal fabricating technique such as turbine blades and high temperature aerospace stuffs. The cast is made up of form utilizing wax or some other stuff that can be melted off. This wax form is dipped in the furnace lining slurry, which coats the wax. This is dried and the procedure of dunking in the slurry and drying is repeated until a robust thickness is achieved. After the full form is placed in the oven and the wax is melted off. The stuff used for the slurry dwelling of binder and a mixture of aluminum oxide, ziricon and silicon oxide followed by stuccoing. The mold therefore produced can be used straight for the light casting. A conventional diagram of investing casting procedure Grain boundary picker:Growth of individual crystal metal utilizing grain picker:The blades of individual grain construction is achieved by directional hardening combined with a coiling grain picker with cylindrical base seed as in projecting metalworkss, the block is placed at the underside of the mold. The mold is withdrawn from the furnace to turn the blade. Several grains nucleated with the starter block can turn into a coiling transition manner and most of them will be eliminated and merely one grain survives during the growing. If the hardening in the organic structure starts from a individual crystal. As the grain orientation optimisation and a coiling grain picker easing dendrite ramification to guarantee that merely individual grain finally survives at the top of the seedDirectional hardening in investing casting:In the directional hardening to turn columnar grains the heat should be extracted through the solid, in the opposite way to the growing way. For Ni-base metals, the most rapid dendrite growing way is selected as the long axis for the blades.