Electronic Banking Essays - Payment Systems, E-commerce, Banking

Electronic Banking The Electronic Banking Association (EBA) is a non-profit organization established to do one simple thing-help more people get started with electronic banking. Here's why. Who taught you how to write paper checks? Probably your parent's right? Well, who's going to teach you how to write electronic checks? Probably NOT your parents. That's where they come in. E-banking is so much more convenient and so much quicker that everyone should know about it. The EBA was established as an independent source of helpful information about electronic banking for consumers and businesses. Financial institutions, merchants, and other financial service firms actually provide financial e-commerce services, but the Electronic Banking Association (EBA) monitors progress in the financial e-commerce industry and provides information that will enable users of those services to become better informed and to locate providers of the services they seek. Everyone hates paying bills. It's time-consuming, frustrating, and you have to lick that awful envelope glue. But not with e-banking. You'll spend less time paying bills, and more time doing fun stuff. Here are some advantages to e-banking: - No more paper checks. Your computer remembers who you write checks to. You simply enter an amount then point-and-click. You'll never run out of checks again. - No more hassles. You can schedule your payments in advance, so they'll get paid while you're on vacation or away on business. Electronic payments are processed quickly, in as little as 24 hours to 5 days (unlike a paper check sent in the mail, which takes an average of 10 days to post). - No more envelopes to lick. No envelope glue. No paper cuts on your tongue. And you can stop writing your return address again, and again, and again. - No more writer's cramp. It takes forever to write checks and addresses every month. E-banking cuts that time to practically nothing. - No more stamps. With e-banking, there's no postage and your bills are processed quickly - whenever you want them paid. You can pay your bills online, so it only makes sense to receive them that way, too. This is called "Electronic Bill Presentment," and more and more businesses are going to offer it. - No more lost bills. Your dog can't eat electronic bills. Your kids can't misplace them. And you can't lose them under a stack of catalogs. - Pay bills when you want to. Not when the post office decides to deliver them. Click to see it. Click to pay it. Your bills appear right on your computer screen and look much like the printed bills you are used to getting. But the difference is you can pay them with just the click of a mouse. - Better record keeping. All your billing and payment information is kept in one convenient location, not in messy cardboard boxes or goodness only knows where else. You can pay your bills online, so it only makes sense to receive them that way, too. This is called "Electronic Bill Presentment," and more and more businesses are going to offer it. In addition to paying bills online, you can get current information any time you want it. So you can get up-to-date account balances, transfer funds, obtain information about check clearing; all sorts of things. You can import this information directly into today's popular financial management programs such as Quicken? without having to re-enter it. You buy things all the time with credit cards, right? Well then, those are electronic transactions just like these. Today's latest Web browsers have sophisticated encryption that's very secure. What's more, electronic checks are safer than having paper checks lying around where anyone can obtain and misuse your account information. Experts predict it would take a hacker over 2,000 years to crack 56-bit encryption. Yet many financial institutions today require a browser that supports 128-bit encryption, which would take about 12,710,204,652,610,000,000,000,000 years to crack. Now that's secure. (Source: Byte Magazine) When you're ready to open an e-banking account, you can receive more information on security, as well as a recent browser that supports 128-bit encryption, through your financial institution or at the Netscape and Microsoft Web sites. In the time it takes you to pay your bills the old-fashioned way, you can be up and running with e-banking. Best of all, once you enter who you pay bills to, you'll never have to re-enter that information. Your financial institution may offer e-banking via the Web or a personal financial manager or both. Web-based e-banking is generally easier and quicker to set up. All you'll need is a recent

Teddy Roosevelt Simplifies Spelling

Teddy Roosevelt Simplifies Spelling In 1906, U.S. President Teddy Roosevelt tried to get the government to simplify the spelling of 300 common English words. However, this didnt go over well with Congress or the public. Simplified Spelling Was Andrew Carnegies Idea In 1906, Andrew Carnegie was convinced that English could be a universal language used around the world  if only English was easier to read and to write. In an attempt to tackle this problem, Carnegie decided to fund a group of intellectuals to discuss this issue. The result was the Simplified Spelling Board. The Simplified Spelling Board The Simplified Spelling Board was founded on March 11, 1906, in New York. Included among the Boards original 26 members were such notables as author Samuel Clemens (Mark Twain), library organizer Melvil Dewey, U.S. Supreme Court Justice David Brewer, publisher Henry Holt, and former U.S. Secretary of the Treasury Lyman Gage. Brander Matthews, professor of dramatic literature at Columbia University, was made ​the chairman of the Board. Complicated English Words The Board examined the history of the English language and found that written English had changed over the centuries, sometimes for the better but also sometimes for the worse. The Board wanted to make written English phonetic again, as it was long ago, before silent letters such as e (as in axe), h (as in ghost), w (as in answer), and b (as in debt) crept in. However, silent letters were not the only aspect of spelling that bothered these gentlemen. There were other commonly used words that were just more complex than they needed to be. For instance, the word bureau could much more easily be spelled if it was written as buro. The word enough would be spelled more phonetically as enuf, just as though could be simplified to tho. And, of course, why have a ph combination in phantasy when it could much more easily be spelled fantasy. Lastly, the Board recognized that there were a number of words for which there already were several options for spelling, usually one simple and the other complicated. Many of these examples are currently known as differences between American and British English, including honor instead of honour, center instead of centre, and plow instead of plough. Additional words also had multiple choices for spelling such as rime rather than rhyme and blest rather than blessed. The Plan So as not to overwhelm the country with an entirely new way of spelling at once, the Board recognized that some of these changes should be made over time. To focus their push for adaptation of new spelling rules, the Board created a list of 300 words whose spelling could be changed immediately. The idea of simplified spelling caught on quickly, with even some schools beginning to implement the 300-word list within months of it being created. As the excitement grew around simplified spelling, one particular  person ​became a huge fan of the concept - President Teddy Roosevelt. President Teddy Roosevelt Loves the Idea Unbeknownst to the Simplified Spelling Board, President Theodore Roosevelt sent a letter to the United States Government Printing Office on August 27, 1906. In this letter, Roosevelt ordered the Government Printing Office to use the new spellings of the 300 words detailed in the Simplified Spelling Boards circular in all documents emanating from the executive department. President Roosevelts public acceptance of simplified spelling caused a wave of reaction. Although there was public support in a few quarters, most of it was negative. Many newspapers began to ridicule the movement and lambasted the president in political cartoons. Congress was especially offended at the change, most likely because they had not been consulted. On December 13, 1906, the House of Representatives passed a resolution stating that it would use the spelling found in most dictionaries and not the new, simplified spelling in all official documents. With public sentiment against him, Roosevelt decided to rescind his order to the Government Printing Office. The efforts of the Simplified Spelling Board continued for several more years, but the popularity of the idea had waned after Roosevelts failed attempt at government support. However, when browsing the list of 300 words, one cannot help but notice how many of the new spellings are in current use today.

Summary and Critical Analysis Project Compensation and Agreements Essay

Summary and Critical Analysis Project Compensation and Agreements - Essay Example fee method of billing does not put so much into the experience of the employee which is a downside into motivating employees to have experience to work. It simply focuses on the kind of service provided before pay is issued. A fixed fee account provides a fixed fee for the services being offered and which requires an in depth knowledge of the service being provided. This is only effective for experienced designers who are aware of their services (Piotrowski 100). In a cost plus percentage markup method, the customer is the one who benefits more as they are passed all the discounts from the suppliers leading to low cost of purchase. This however works only on the residential clients whose purchases are relatively smaller. Square foot method is payment by the number of square foots meaning the more the square foots the more the pay. It is effective in commercial industries as it boosts productivity and motivates employees to work even harder. The best method from all the methods above and others is the combination method that combines several of the methods taking into account experience and market among other factors (Piotrowski 105). Any service provided in the field of design demands a contract with a list of specifications necessary to provide guidance. The contract requires several basic requirements which have to be followed if it is to be considered valid. These elements include an offer, counteroffer and acceptance where the terms of the design are discussed and the price is provided. It is concluded by mutual agreement and a letter to seal the deal and provide physical evidence of the deal (Piotrowski 112). The contract is a perfect way to not only protect the interests of the client but they protect the work of the designer as well from frauds. A statute of frauds is provided which provides guidance on the frauds that can be prosecuted. If the contract document lacks names such as that of the client and address as well as a clear description of the

Life and debt, Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Life and debt, - Movie Review Example Unfortunately, due to global economic policies set by sovereign states like US, Jamaica was now obscure and heavily burdened with debts to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank (WB) and other international lending agencies. It has to simultaneously reform its economy despite high cost of energy while continuing to pay for its debts. Like Jamaica, Ethiopia, a developing country in Eastern Africa, also encounters poverty issues. Its economic activities depend widely on agriculture, including marketing, processing, and export of agricultural products. Production is done by small-scale farmers and enterprises and a large part of commodity exports is provided by the small agricultural cash-crop sector. Coffee is the largest foreign exchange earner. Being a Third World country, Ethiopia has minimal access to banking and financial services, making it one of, if not the least monetized country in the world. From this, it can be assumed that the global economic crisis may not like ly affect much of the country’s economical activities, because of the fact that it is not intertwined with any western countries and the rest of the world.

What are the Marketing-Related Problems of Apple Essay

What are the Marketing-Related Problems of Apple - Essay Example Marketing is an important tool because it helps in boosting up the sales of the brand. It also helps to create the brand image in the minds of the consumers. In case of Apple marketing holds a very great importance because it has not only helped in creating the strong brand image of Apple but has contributed immensely to bridge the gap between the customers and the products offered by Apple. Apple has strong marketing practices but it is true that there are some problems associated as well. The first problem is related to the high innovation rate at Apple. Customers expect innovative products from Apple. But the problem that lies in is that the ads made by Apple usually do not provide the relevant information about the new innovations that have taken place. The ads project the product but do not project its essence and history or information. Customers know that the company is providing with fancy and expensive products and are lost in the charm of owning such products. Most of the c ustomers are least concerned about what the product is all about. But there are customers who want to know each and every detail of the product. So this poses a challenge for Apple to come up with a marketing strategy which could satisfy both type of the consumers. It causes a problem because Apple cannot afford to lose any one segment just because of the risky marketing. Another marketing-related problem faced by Apple is again regarding the new products. Customers expect that every marketing campaign will focus on a new product because rate of innovation at Apple is high. For Apple it is very difficult to keep up with the customers’ expectation and come up with innovative products and marketing campaigns at the same time. Failing to do so can tarnish the image of the brand. The third marketing related problem faced by Apple is its undefined target market. As mentioned before, Apple first innovates and then focuses on the target market for its products. In order to so it use s its marketing practices. An inefficient marketing campaign results in a failure and creates a huge problem for the company. Marketing is not a cheap game. It requires lot of resources. Its ads need to target the desired market segment. Marketing practices at Apple are not just related to ads and online advertising. It also includes opening up of retail stores in different parts of the world. Managing this practice is in itself a problem. Apple is critical of its marketing practice because it is afraid that what if the marketed product does not meet the customers’ expectations. This means that the marketing showed a totally different side of the product but in actual the product was different. Apple’s marketing practices creates hype for its products and at times it causes a problem for the company. An example that can be quoted here is of the iPhone. When it was launched, it was heavily promoted, resulting in long customer lines and a spot shortage. iPhone was initia lly very expensive but after the first 8 weeks of its launch, the company decreased the price of iPhone by $200. Loyal customers of Apple were caught short and this damaged the customer loyalty. In order to regain its customers Apple had to apologize publically (HARVARD BUSINESS SCHOOL 2007) The last and the most important marketing related problem faced by Apple is that of comparative advertising. Apple operates in a highly competitive industry. Since the very beginning Microsoft has been the largest competitor

Reducing energy consumption in hospitality

Reducing energy consumption in hospitality Introduction In recent years the environmental issues and energy saving methods have become increasingly important towards tourism and hospitality industry. Hotel energy consumption depends on various factors such as geographical location, size, class, equipments, occupancy and age of facilities. In this report it includes the methods of reducing energy consumption in hotels at a management level, followed by current legislations towards controlling environmental issues, in addition it shows how the building design and structure of hotels can help with environmental issues. How energy consumption can be reduced on a management level In order to build up an efficient energy system the hotels should, re think, re-use, reduce, recycle, recover and rationalise the resources. In fact those practices should be followed in every single department throughout the organisation. Such as housekeeping, food and beverage, maintenance, room division, front office should participate individually towards energy consumption process. Below are the actions that should be taken, in order to build a healthy and energy efficient environment. Employees contribution One major step towards reducing energy consumption is to plan a staff awareness programme throughout every department, it is important because their daily contact with guests gives them the opportunity to increase the awareness of the guests. Include the environmental messages on gifts (such as mugs) to employees. Encourage staff to switch off lights and switch off unnecessary equipments (computers, air conditioners) when leaving staff rooms. Get staff ideas about energy conversation methods and environmental issues in staff meetings. (www.gogreentravelgreen.com) Allocate coordinators towards environmental activities. Allocate designated members of staff who will be responsible for daily monitoring water/gas/electricity consumption. Furthermore the hotel can fix separate consumption meters in each department in order to have a better view and control of energy. For an example, it should be daily practise with all employees of the hotel to switch off all lights when leaving an empty room. At the end of a working day, all unused office appliances should be turned off at mains and not to be left on standby. Furthermore providing computers, printers with a power down features can reduce 60% energy than regular electronic equipments. On top of that encourage staff to use emails where possible instead of printing. (www.businesslink.gov.uk) Gaining Guests contribution Send an environmental message with reservation conformation messages. When guest check-in and check-out take couple of minutes to educate the guest about the hotels environmental effort. Leaving placards in guest rooms can save the use of unnecessary energy. This can encourage the guests to reuse their towels and bed sheets. Bed sheets washed every day in thousand of hotels in this world millions of gallons of water, electricity and tons of detergent. Sheets are customarily changed between guests. If you feel that your sheets need to be changed daily, please leave this card on your pillow each morning. Housekeeping will be pleased to accommodate you. PLEASE DECIDE YOURSELF Every day millions of gallons of water, electricity and tons of detergent is used to wash towels that have been used only once, A towel o the rack means Ill use it again, a towel o the floor or in the tub means please exchange. PLEASE DECIDE YOURSELF (www.greenhotels.com) Encourage the guest to switch off unnecessary electric items such as air conditioner, and use natural ventilation instead. Place recycle bins in guest rooms and hallways. Allow the guests to contribute an extra pound (Â £) towards a local environmental group. (Georgia hospitality environmental partnaship.1996) Lightning efficiency By replacing the excising bulbs with low energy consumption ones (florescent light bulbs), offers savings in energy costs. On top of that those bulbs have a longer life span than the ordinary light bulbs. Fix light reflectors that direct more light into the room. Using motion detectors for public area lighting (lobby), staff rest rooms, walk-in cooers and storage area can keep the unnecessary lights switched off. (www.4hoteliers.com) Install photovoltaic lighting systems (Georgia hospitality environmental partnaship.1996) for advertising signs, walkways, water fountains and remote outdoor areas. Use solar lamps in order to lighten the hotel garden area. Further by installing daylight sensors for garden area and other exterior lightning can save a massive load of energy consumption. (www.gogreentravelgreen.com) Use of Air conditioners (A/C) When the A/C competes with hot or cold air more energy is wasted. So do not cool more than necessary. Install timers and sensors in order reduce energy waste. Turn off the A/C when the weather is cooler. Close air gaps around doors and windows, and close all the unnecessary openings. Use higher energy efficiency rating equipments. Compare efficiency between gas and electric A/C equipments. Have the units checked yearly; spring is the best time before starting the heavy use in summer. Minimise the available heat sources (Below are methods to reduce heat sources) (My Ton.1996) Minimising heat sources Turn off lights and other heat producing sources that is not in use. Position heat producing sources such as lamps, television away from the thermostats. Cover windows (especially west and south facing) to reduce the heat Use window film to reduce the heat sources heading in to the rooms. Install timers and sensors for lights and other necessary electric equipments. (My Ton.1996) Reducing water consumption Provide Dual flush toilets to save water. Provide separate walk-in showers in order to encourage the guests to have a shower instead a bath; this saves both water and energy. Keep a good maintenance on the plumbing system, fix any drips as soon as possible (www.businesslink.gov.uk) Introduce dish washing machines and laundry machines which use final rinse water for prewash of next load. Use of a food thawing machine instead of running water for faster thawing. (Georgia hospitality environmental partnaship.1996) Adapt the hotel water system to be able to re-use the water for gardening and other non-drinking purpose. (One Source.2009) Other general operations and actions By lowering the thermostat temperature by 2 degrees in the winter or raising it by 2 in the summer you will save a lot of energy. This is a technique used in many organisations in order to save without even noticing the change of temperature. (Keynote.2008) Review and update the hotels preventative maintenance in order to maintain standards which help the system to sustain the system efficiently. (www.gogreentravelgreen.com) Change all individual amenities in the guest bathrooms to automatic dispensers of eco-friendly products; these can be refilled upon usage. (www.4hoteliers.com) Re use the heat and steam of the kitchen and laundry to be re-used for public heating Calculate the energy usage and assess it against available industry benchmarks in terms of per guest night or CO2 (carbon dioxide) generated. (www.tourismpartnership.org) Below it shows actions taken by some of the hotels in United Kingdom, in order to be an eco friendly property. Derwentwater Hotel, Keswick has been following eco friendly prospectors and has been one of the greenest hotel in United Kingdom. They have introduced water saving measures, energy saving measures and waste reduction methods by gaining support from staff, guests and the local communities. (Georgia hospitality environmental partnaship.1996) Also, Radisson Edinburgh has replaced their ordinary light bulbs to energy efficient lights at a cost of $2,307, as a result the first year savings were $27,889. (www.environmentalleader.com) this is a perfect example towards energy conservation, it clearly shows although it costs in order to take action, at the end of the process it save more than 10 times of the cost. According to environmental leader (2009) reports Hilton has announced their sustainability targets to reach by 2014, which includes the following, Reducing energy consumption from direct operations by 20 percent. Reducing CO2 (carbon dioxide) emissions by 20 percent. Reducing output of waste by 20 percent. Reducing water consumption by 10 percent. Hilton has already introduced carbon-free electricity in United Kingdom and Ireland, they say it reduce CO2 emission by more than 64,000 tons, or 56 percent of its carbon footprint. They also managed to reduce energy and water consumption by 10 percent over the last two years. According to economically sound reports Marriott hotels are planning to publish their environmental policies on the official website, and each hotel will list their eco friendly actions. They say this will encourage each hotel to discuss their specific environmental policies and share these with other individual hotels. This will encourage the whole hotel chain to be an environmental friendly property as an individual. How Structure and the design of hotels can help with environmental issues When planning the design and the structure of the building, the hotel can get help from government and private companies in order bring guidance and knowledge towards building an environmentally friendly building. In terms of design the following steps can be taken, Light or reflector roofs and exterior coatings can result an environment with a lower temperature. Planting shade trees on the south side helps to keep the building cooler in warm climates. Also it provides the guests an attractive and enjoyable environment. (my ton.1996) Install large windows and glass bricks in lobby and other public areas to maximise the use of natural light (www.businesslink.gov.uk) When designing guest rooms, installing thick curtains and carpets made with wool can retain the heat in order to conserve energy. Painting the walls in light colours (such as white, green) can help to reduce the temperature of the rooms. Also by installing reflective mirrors with reflective wall paint can facilitate natural lightning. Introduce water saving shower heads and sink faucet aerators, 2.5 gallons per minute (GPM) shower heads and 1.5 GPM aerators are recommended for water saving and guest satisfaction. Because less water flow showerheads causes guest complains. (Georgia hospitality environmental partnaship.1996) Design of the building should allow space for recycling, which encourages staff and guests to contribute towards the process. Key card systems control lighting, heating and air coolers when room not in use. Because of Key cards the hotel can make sure there wont be any electricity waste on a vacant room. (www.4hoteliers.com) When positioning equipment such as refrigerators, in order to get the best performance should avoid it placing next to heat sources (cookers, Owen) Adopt a water system that reuses the water for non-drinking purposes such as gardening purposes. In terms of structure the following steps can be taken. Thermostat should not be installed nearby heaters and other heat producing equipments, because this may calculate the building temperature incorrectly and increase the energy costs. (www.carbontrust.co.uk) Installing double or triple glazed windows will protect the heat sources inside the building. Furthermore proper insulation throughout the building will reduce energy consumption. Installing solar energy system to retain heat from the sunlight and make it one and only source of energy for the hotel. Use of timing devices on thermostats will control the energy produced by the radiators. In fact fitting reflective material behind radiators can reduce energy consumption. (ww.4hoteliers.com) Placing gas, electricity and water meters in individual departments allows the organisation to examine energy consumption of each department which helps them to take actions on energy waste and provide necessary improvement. When designing the structure of the building it should be in a way that invites natural light and air in to the building. (www.archinode.com) A research done by Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) green building rating system in United States have proved when designing the structure of the building use of steel superstructure is estimated environmental friendly than using concrete superstructures. Below it shows the negative impacts of concrete. A concrete superstructure would consume over three times more energy than a steel one. A concrete superstructure would consume almost six times as much as natural resources than a steel one. Production of a concrete superstructure would use more toxic than a steel superstructure. A concrete superstructure would produce over four times solid waste as a steel one. A steel superstructure is easier to recycle, producing more secondary useful product, than a concrete one. A concrete superstructure would pollute air over five times than a steel one. A steel superstructure would pollute water over three times than a concrete one. A concrete superstructure would contribute to global warming almost seven times more than a steel one. (www.archinode.com) Current legislations relating to environmental issues Environmental Protection Act 1990 Environment Act 1995 Environment Agency and Scottish Environment Protection Agency as the regulating bodies for contaminated land, abandoned mines, national parks, control of pollution, conservation of natural resources and conservation or enhancement of the environment.. (www.opsi.gov.uk) Energy conservation act 1996 This act was introduced to make provisions for energy conservations, future to to allow local authorities to implement a strategy to achieve improvement in energy efficiency (www.opsi.gov.uk) Control of Pollution (Amendment) Act 1989 c.14 This act controls the methods of waste disposal with the Environment Agency or Scottish Environment Protection Agency and outlines the penalties (including seizure and disposal) for vehicles shown to have been used for illegal waste disposal. (www.statutelaw.gov.uk) Clean air act 1993 The clean air act authorizes the local councils to control domestic and industrial smoke and allows them to create smoke control areas in order to improve the local air quality. (www.netregs.gov.uk) Environmental Permitting (England and Wales) Regulations 2007 SI 3538 Introduces a new system for environmental permits for industrial activities and waste operations in England and Wales, including landfill and waste incineration, and sets out the powers, functions and duties of the regulator. (www.opsi.gov.uk) Buildings Regulations 2000, SI 2531 Introduces requirements for builders to calculate and display energy ratings on new or altered buildings. (www.books.google.com) Eco Design for Energy-using Products Regulations 2007 SI 2037 This regulation establishes a framework for setting eco design requirements for energy-using products. (www.opsi.gov.uk) Water act 2003 This act was introduced to control the abstraction and impounding of water. It helps to protect the water resources throughout the country. (www.environment-agency.gov.uk) Energy Performance of Buildings (Certificates and Inspections) (England and Wales) Regulations 2007 SI 991 This regulation issues energy performance certificates (to maintain energy efficient standards) when buildings are constructed in order to rent out or sell. (www.communities.gov.uk) EU Regulation on a Revised Community Eco-Label Award Scheme 1980/2000 This is an award scheme towards eco-label to manufacturers who want to inform consumers about what they are doing to reduce the environmental impact of their products. (Eur-lex.europa.eu) List of Wastes (England) Regulations 2005 SI 895 This regulation provides the European Waste Catalogue list of codes used to classify wastes. (www.products.ihs.com) Conclusion Being an environmental friendly property means that they save electricity, water, reduce solid waste while saving money and creating a healthy environment to the guest, staff and the management. In order to become a green property the organisation should the gain contribution from every parties such as staff, guests, local communities, local councils and other environmental friendly organisation. As a result the organisation can gain respect towards the idea of conserving the environment. From a business point of view this allows them to differentiate their products from rivals and attract more guests. Being a green property will not only gain guest respect, they will overlook at the hotel over the rivals. Further, by being environmental friendly the organisation can reduce costs on energy, water and waste, the money saved can be re invested in future development, research and staff incentives. This concept also leads towards staff satisfaction by building a pleasant, relaxed environment to work. Once the hotel adapts to environmentally friendly practices it will gain marketing opportunities and support by local media (magazines, newspapers and television programs). Also it allows the hotel to gain financial support and expertise form government organisations who helps green concepts. Furthermore all these efforts give an opportunity to achieve rewards and awards from hospitality bodies which the organisation can be proud of. The most important fact of all this whole process is that, it will contribute to protect our one and only earth. Bibliography My ton.1996.Greening your property, green seal Georgia hospitality environmental partnaship.1996.Waste reduction in hotels and motels Top 10 tips for reducing waste and saving energy http://www.businesslink.gov.uk/bdotg/action/detail?type=ONEOFFPAGEitemId=1081838672 [accessed on: 20/08/2009] One Source information service (2009) Data monitor independent research. (British Library online database) Available from: http/globalbb,onesource.com/sharedscripts/reports/FetchAR.asp?process=cpDocID [Accessed on: 13/03/2009] Keynote information service (2009) (British Library online database) http:/www.bl.uk/eresources/business/cd-busin.html#market. (Keynote) [Accessed on: 13/03/2009] Tips and Tricks for Greening your Hotel Available from: http://gogreentravelgreen.com/green-hotels-green-accommodation/11-tips-and-tricks-for-greening-your-hotel-stay-25-days-to-green-travel-day-16/ [Accessed on: 13/03/2009] Tips and Tricks for Greening your Hotel Available from: http://www.4hoteliers.com/4hots_fshw.php?mwi=3229 [accessed on: 20/08/2009] Steel VS Concrete Available from: http://www.archinode.com/lcasteel.html [accessed on: 12/03/2009] http://www.healthandsafety.co.uk/envas.htm [accessed on: 12/03/2009] Going green Available from: http://www.tourismpartnership.org/downloads/Going%20Green.pdf [20/08/2009] Hilton Sets Target Of 20% CO2 Reduction By 2014 Available from: http://www.environmentalleader.com/2008/06/05/hilton-sets-target-of-20-co2-reduction-by-2014/ [accessed on: 22/08/2009] Marriott To List Green Actions Of Individual Hotels Available from: http://www.economicallysound.com/marriott_speaks_green_soon.html [accessed on: 22/08/2009] Environmental Protection Act 1990 Available from: http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1990/ukpga_19900043_en_1#Legislation-Preamble [accessed on: 20/08/2009] Environment act 1995 Available from: http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1995/ukpga_19950025_en_1 [accessed on: 20/08/2009] Environmental permitting regulations 2007 SI 3538 Available from: http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si2007/uksi_20073538_en_1 [accessed on: 20/08/2009] Building regulations 2000, SI 2531 Available from: http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ixzl0dw8LpICpg=PA3lpg=PA3dq=building+regulations+2000,+si+2531source=blots=BkC1vCaLdSsig=HBUkP0oQmHzE5s5dq_RD0dwuvPYhl=enei=6mqNSpS3Kd6RjAeWiZHcDQsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=5#v=onepageq=building%20regulations%202000%2C%20si%202531f=false [accessed on: 20/08/2009] Energy Conservation Act 1996 Available from: http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1996/Ukpga_19960038_en_1[accessed on: 20/08/2009] Eco design for energy-using products regulations 2007 SI 2037 Available from: http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si2007/uksi_20072037_en_1 [accessed on: 20/08/2009] Control of Pollution (Amendment) Act 1989 c.14 Available from: http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?LegType=All+PrimaryPageNumber=36NavFrom=2parentActiveTextDocId=1349599ActiveTextDocId=1349599filesize=112837 [accessed on: 20/08/2009] Clean Air Act 1993 Available from: http://www.netregs.gov.uk/netregs/legislation/current/107146.aspx [accessed on: 20/08/2009] Water act 2003 Available from: http://www.environmentagency.gov.uk/static/documents/Business/water_act_leaflet_833646.pdf [accessed on: 20/08/2009] The Energy Performance of Buildings (Certificates and Inspections) (England and Wales) Regulations 2007 (S.I. 2007/991) Available from: http://www.communities.gov.uk/publications/planningandbuilding/energyperformance [accessed on: 20/08/2009] EU Regulation on a Revised Community Eco-Label Award Scheme 1980/2000 Available from: http://eurlex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2000:237:0001:0012:en:PDF [accessed on: 20/08/2009] List of Wastes (England) Regulations 2005 SI 895 Available from: http://www.google.co.uk/search?hl=enq=List+of+Wastes+%28England%29+Regulations+2005+SI+895btnG=Searchmeta= [accessed on: 20/08/2009]

tweak settings :: essays research papers

CDI2Nero 0.9 beta7 - (C) 2001 by DeXT http://cdirip.cjb.net *** WARNING! This is beta software. It has not been fully tested and may *** contain bugs. Use it at you own risk. *** This tool must not be used to duplicate copyright-protected content. *** The author will not be responsible for its improper usage. Purpose ------- This little tool will convert a CDI (DiscJuggler) image to NRG (Nero) format. Both CDI 2.0 and 3.0 image versions are supported. It currently has support for: - CD-ROM/XA type CDs - Mode 2 and Audio tracks - Single session and Multisession images It lacks support for: - Audio-only CDs (TAO only) - Mode 1 data tracks These will be added soon. Usage ----- Usage is very simple, just double-clic the executable file and an Open File dialog will appear, select your source CDI image to convert and press OK. A Save File dialog will then appear on the same path as source image. Write the desired name for the destination NRG image (you don't need to write any extension) and press OK. Default name is "image.nrg". You can also use it from command-line. Syntax is: cdi2nero image.cdi [image.nrg] For command-line usage, if you don't specify a destination filename, the source image filename will be used but with NRG extension. Burning ------- Once converted you can burn the newly created image. If a DAO warning message appears, you should select Yes (although this depends on burner, I think). This will only appear on Multisession images. Notes ----- This is a unified DAO/TAO version, unlike previous ones, where you can select NRG image type when saving. DAO images are most standard ones, and is the only format that Nero itself is able to generate. TAO images are special ones, which lacks a cuesheet, and track positions are managed by the burner itself. Nero is not capable of generating these. On most burners, these images will be burned in "Track at Once" mode (hence the name) instead of default DAO. A general note is to burn in DAO (default) mode and if something fails, try TAO instead. But note that if your burner doesn't support "short" tracks (i.e. those below 302 sectors) you still will get errors when trying to burn such images. These errors are usually "cannot write track at correct position", or seeing CD-Extra discs as Audio-only (i.e. no data track). Below is a list of tested burners, reported by users, which get successful or failed in burning process: Success: Acer CRW 6206A BTC BCE-432IE Gateway 8x4x32 HP CD-Writer 7100i HP CD-Writer 7200e HP CD-Writer 8100i HP CD-Writer 9310i Iomega Zip CD 650 Iomega Zip CD USB (DAO only) Memorex CRW-1622 (DAO only) Mitsumi 4801TE OTI-975 Socrates Philips CDD3610 Philips CDD3801 Philips CDD4201 Philips PCRW404K Teac CD-R56S

Orion System Essay

I. INTRODUCTION The basic resource of any organization whether it is business, non business government or nongovernment is human’s physical and mental ability. One of important duties of manager is to motivate these forces to achieve organization objectives. Generally, motivation is categorized into physical, social and mental motivation. Physical motivation is referred to the needs of individuals in work environment like well fare facilities (adequate work area, climate, light, etc.) Those human needs which are associated with behavior of others and manager in particular and satisfy social needs are referred to as social motivation. The needs that lead to mental satisfaction are mental motivation (http://www.irjabs.com/) 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Motivation is not directly observable (it is internal to each employee), it is personal (what is arousing differs and how behavior is directed is often different), however the process is common and it is goal directed. There are different theories of motivation. Early theories of motivation and Contemporary theories Of motivation and also they are classified as Content theories and Process theories. A Classification of Motivation Theories (Content vs. Process) Motivation theories can be classified broadly into two different perspectives: Content and Process theories. Content Theories deal with â€Å"what† motivates people and it is concerned with individual needs and goals. Maslow, Alderfer, Herzberg and McCelland studied motivation from a â€Å"content† perspective. Process Theories deal with the â€Å"process† of motivation and is concerned with â€Å"how† motivation occurs. Vroom, Porter & Lawler, Adams and Locke studied motivation from a â€Å"process † perspective. 1). CONTENT THEORIES MASLOW’S (NEED HIERARCHY THEORY NOTE): An individual moves â€Å"up the steps† of the hierarchy. â€Å"Lower order† needs are satisfied externally (i.e. physiological and safety) while â€Å"higher order† needs are satisfied internally (i.e. social, esteem, and self-actualization) THEORY X & THEORY Y MCGREGOR BELIEVED (Theory Y assumptions were more valid than Theory X)and proposed such ideas as participative decision making, responsible and challenging jobs, and good group relations as approaches that would maximize  an employee’s motivation. TWO-FACTOR THEORY :_Intrinsic factors are related to job satisfaction, while extrinsic factors are related to job dissatisfaction. THE ERG THEORY Alderfer’s theory — Existence, Relatedness, and Growth. †¢ Existence refers to our concern with basic material existence requirements; what Relatedness refers to the desire we have for maintaining interpersonal relationships; similar to Maslow’s social/love need, and the external component of his esteem need. Growth refers to an intrinsic desire for personal development; the intrinsic component of Maslow’s esteem need, and self-actualization ((Robbins and Judge,2007) Alderfer’s ERG theory differs from Maslow’s Need Hierarchy insofar as ERG theory demonstrates that more than one need may be operative at the same time. ERG theory does not assume a rigid hierarchy where a lower need must be substantially satisfied before one can move on. ACHIEVEMENT NEED THEORY David McClelland is most noted for describing three types of motivational need, which he identified in his 1961 book, The Achieving Society: achievement motivation (n-ach) authority/power motivation (n-pow) affiliation motivation (n-affil) ( david mcclelland, http://ozgurzan.com) INCENTIVE THEORY Incentive theory suggests that employee will increase her/his effort to obtain a desired reward. This is based on the general principle of reinforcement. The desired outcome is usually â€Å"money†. This theory is coherent with the early economic theories where man is supposed to be rational and forecasts are based on the principle of â€Å"economic man†. 2.)PROCESS THEORY EXPECTANCY THEORY The strength of a tendency to act in a certain way depends on the strength of an expectation that the act will be followed by a given outcome and on the attractiveness of that the outcome to the individual. The theory focuses on three relationships )1 . Effort-performance. 2. Performance-reward. 3. Rewards-personal goals. ((http://ozgurzan.com) GOAL THEORY IN 1968 Edwin Locke proposed Goal Theory, which proposes that motivation and  performance will be high if individuals are set specific goals which are challenging, but accepted, and where feedback is given on performance. The two most important findings of this theory are: Setting specific goals (e.g. I want to earn a million before I am 30) generates higher levels of performance than setting general goals (e.g. I want to earn a lot of money). The goals that are hard to achieve are linearly and positively connected to performance. The harder the goal, the more a person will work to reach it.(ibid) ADAMS’ EQUITY THEORY Adams in 1963, Equity Theory suggests that if the individual perceives that the rewards received are equitable, that is, fair or just in comparison with those received by others in similar positions in or outside the organization, then the individual feels satisfied. Adams asserted that employees seek to maintain equity between the inputs that they bring to a job and the outcomes that they receive from it against the perceived inputs and outcomes of others. (http://ozgurzan.com) 1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The problem to be analyzed in this research paper is the reasons why workers are not motivated unsatisfied and unproductive? The main concern that employers or organizations are paying attention to is on how to enhance productivity of their employees. Productivity can be affected by many different variables. Out of that employee’s motivation is the basic aspect. Different organizations employing both the financial and non-financial incentives of goal setting theory of motivation; describe whether both types of incentives affect the productivity profile but that method is motivated for a shorter period. A positive attitude can help to build strong relationships as well as create increased motivation. If you have a goal in mind that you are having a hard time finding motivation to meet, try having a positive attitude. Although it may seem challenging at times, try these easy tips in order to be more positive each day.( James Clear. http://www.solveyourproblem.com) Therefore, this behavioral, attitudes, and opinions are collected from secondary data. The aim of this paper is to study the relationship between positive  thinking and motivation. RESEARCH QUESTION To describe contemporary theories of motivation? To identify how to motivate employees To describe the relationship of positive thinking and motivation? To identify the source of positive thinking? To recommend solutions to increase motivation ? 1.3 OBJECTIVES Now days in any organization there is a problem of lack of motivation at the result low productivity, high turnover and absenteeism. Motivating employees is crucial for an organization. Employees lacking motivation can be disadvantageous for all kinds of organization.- GENERAL OBJECTIVE The General objective of the study is to know and apply the essence of motivation to increase Productivity and efficiency Specific objectives are; To motivate employees to be efficient & productive To encourage warm relationship harmony in working environment To encourage creativity & positive work attitude To be able to cope with work stress To have a healthy body & mind to carry out daily tasks efficiently. 1.4 DEFINATION OF THE TERMS MOTIVATION :- As Sasso defined in wikiversity† Motivation is directed energy toward a behavior which is constant and strong. This behavior aims to achieve a particular goal and is able to begin, continue, change course and cease. Both external and internal motives provide this direction and energy. These motives are made up of an individual’s needs, cognitions, emotions and external events’’ .(Remez ,Sasso,Wikiversity) Positive thinking:- An individual having positive expectancies for their future (Scheier & Carver, 1993). This positive mindset is said to begin from childhood, where it is learned form modeling the behaviour of parents and peers (Snyder & Lopez, 2007). This type of thinking is directly linked to motivation. Selfe respect Self respect is very important because you are able to exert honesty, confidence and integrity. You also get to earn respect from other people as well as favors’ and love because of the fact that you love yourself first. ( http://www.ask.com/question/why-is-self-respect-important) 1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The significance of this study will be to gather information that will aid management to comprehend features of high staff absenteeism and turnover experienced by the organizations. The end results may permit the organization to be in an improved position to develop staff retention strategies aimed at increasing productivity. 1.6 THEORETICAL FRAME WORK The essence of motivation is positive thinking. 1.7 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY Due to lack of material and shortage of time the study was limited on an overview of Eastern can tries and analyzes only Japan’s case of motivational scheme. 1.8 RESEARCH DESIGN & METHODOLOGY Methodology The study uses secondary data .The secondary data source is extracted from literatures on the subject matter from different websites, journals, books, etc. The secondary data contributes towards the formulation of background information and helps the researcher to formulate new theory from it. Research design The research designed to analyze motivational system of Eastern and western can tries in respect to their culture. From Eastern side Japan’s management philosophy has been taken as a bench mark For motivation factor. Data analysis method The data analysis method is through document review analyzed and interpreted by comparing with the standard literature review to draw appropriate finding, conclusion and recommendations. It is qualitative method. II. LITERATURE REVIEW The trick for employers is to figure out how to inspire employee motivation  at work. To create a work environment in which an employee is motivated about work, involves both intrinsically satisfying and extrinsically encouraging factors. Employee motivation is the combination of fulfilling the employee’s needs and expectations from work and the workplace factors that enable employee motivation – or not. These variables make motivating employees challenging. Employers understand that they need to provide a work environment that creates motivation in people. But, many employers fail to understand the significance of motivation in accomplishing their mission and vision. Even when they understand the importance of motivation, they lack the skill and knowledge to provide a work environment that fosters employee motivation. As you can imagine, a mentally healthy person is more likely to think in a positive manner. Positive thinking, like optimism, can be defined by an individual having positive expectancies for their future (Scheier& Carver, 1993). This positive mindset is said to begin from childhood, where it is learned form modeling the behaviour of parents and peers (Snyder & Lopez, 2007). This type of thinking is directly linked to motivation. This is because the behaviors and decisions that individuals make, as well as expectations of what may occur are directly influenced by one’s cognitions. A positive thinker will set attainable goals and attempt to achieve these despite their complexity. However, this same person will also know when to separate themselves from a goal when it is too far out of reach (MacLeod & Moore, 2000). While motivation can often be used as a tool to help predict behavior, it varies greatly among individuals and must often be combined with ability and environmental factors to actually influence behavior and performance. Understanding what motivates an organization’s employees is central to this study.( http://www.openpolytechnic.ac.nz) Motivation of an individual is also influenced by the presence of other people. Social psychologists have been active in discovering how the presence of others in a given situation influences motivation. Finally, motivation is sometimes also approached from a more philosophical direction. That is, analyses of motivation are understood, at least in part, by examining the particular philosophical  point of view espoused by the theorist.( Adam,January19,2011) 2.1 MOTIVATIONAL THEORIES 2.11) MOTIVATION THEORIES FROM BEHAVIORAL ECONOMIST In 1759,Smith had proposed a theory of human behavior that looks anything but self interested.In his first book, The Theory of Moral Sentiments, Smith argued that behavior Adam. Smith argued that behavior was determined by the struggle between what Smith termed the â€Å"passions† and the â€Å"impartial spectator.† The passions included drives such as hunger and sex, emotions such as fear and anger, and motivational feeling states such as pain. Smith viewed behavior as under the direct control of the passions, but believed that people could over ride passion-driven behavior by viewing their own behavior from the perspective of an outsider—the impartial spectator—a â€Å"moral hector who, looking over the shoulder of the economic man, scrutinizes every move he makes† (Grampp, 1948, p. 317). 2.12 )CONTEMPORARY MOTIVATIONAL THEORIES. 1) ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION THEORY Atkinson &Raynor (1974) Key components: The expectancy of success / Need for Achievement / Fear of failure Achievement motivation is determined by conflicting approach and avoidance tendencies. Positive influences include the expectancy of success, the incentive values of successful completion and a need for achievement. Negative influences the expectancy of failure, the incentive to avoid failure and the fear of failure. 2. ATTRIBUTION THEORY Weiner (1992) Key components: Attributions about past successes and failures Causal attributions are a person’s explanations as to why past successes and failures occurred, and these have consequences on the way they initiate future actions. Most commonly, people attribute failure to a lack of ability on their part, rather than to insufficient effort. 3.SELF-EFFICACY THEORY Bandura (1997) Key components: Perceived self-efficacy Self-efficacy concerns a person’s assessment of their ability to carry out a given task. Consequently, their sense of efficacy will influence the choice of task they choose to carry out, as well as the amount of effort they put in and the level of persistence displayed 4)EXPECTANCY-VALUE THEORY Eccles&Wigfield (1995) and Brophy (1999) Key components: The expectancy of success / The value attached to that success The two key factors which influence the motivation to perform are a person’s expectancy to succeed and the value they place on having succeeded in doing that particular task. A person will be more highly motivated when both of these are developed. 5. SELF-WORTH THEORY Covington (1998) Locke & Latham (1990) Key components: Goal properties include specificity, difficulty and commitment The driving cause of human activity is purpose. So, for any action to take place, goals must both be set and pursued by choice. If an individual is committed to the goal, the goal needs to be Key components: Perceived self-worth People are naturally inclined to behave in ways that enhance their feelings of personal value and worth. If anything threatens these perceptions, the resultant face-saving behavior may manifest itself in many unique ways. 6. GOAL SETTING THEORY  specific and sufficiently difficult to lead to the highest level of performance. 7. GOAL ORIENTATION THEORY Ames (1992) Key components: Mastery goals and performance goals Mastery goals focus on the learning of content. Performance goals focus on demonstrating ability and getting good grades. Mastery goals are better because they tend to lead to a preference for challenging work, to intrinsic interest in learning activities and to positive attitudes towards learning. 8. SELF-DETERMINATION THEORY Deci& Ryan (1985) and Vallerand (1997) Key components: Intrinsic motivation / Extrinsic motivation A person’s intrinsic motivation is concerned with the doing of something for its own sake, in order to derive pleasure and satisfaction. This may be the joy of doing an activity or the satisfying of curiosity. A person’s extrinsic motivation is concerned with the doing of something as a means to an end, i.e. there will be some reward at the end of it all, or to avoid punishment. Motives can be placed along a continuum between self-determined (intrinsic) and controlled (extrinsic) form of motivation. 9)THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOUR Ajzen (1988) and Eagly&Chaiken (1993) Key components: Attitudes / Subjective norms / Perceived behavioural control Attitudes exert a direct influence on a person’s behaviour because a person’s attitude towards the goal will influence their responses to that attaining that goal. Things that can influence this are the person’s subjective norms (the perceived social pressures to achieve the goal) and also perceived behavioural control (the perceived ease or difficulty of performing the behaviour). ( 10). SOCIAL MOTIVATION THEORY Weiner (1994) and Wentzel (1999) Key components: Environmental influences A large proportion of motivation is actually derived from the socio-cultural context rather than from the individual. Key words: Motivation, positive thinking, Self respect. 2.2 WHAT IS THE IMPORTANCE OF MOTIVATION Motivation offers several importance to the organization and to the employees: ? Higher efficiency ? Reduce absenteeism. ? Reduces employee turn over. ? Improves a corporate image. ? Good relations. ? Improved morale. ? Reduced wastages and breakages. ? Reduced accidents. ? Facilitates initiative and innovation 2.3 HOW TO MOTIVATE EMPLOYEES 2.31 BELIEFS ABOUT WHAT MAKES US EFFECTIVE CAUSE MOTIVATION After more than a century of research and argument, motivation researchers and practitioners now begin to agree that motivation is the result of our beliefs about what makes us successful and effective. We all value the goals, working conditions and incentives that we believe will contribute to our success. We avoid situations that will prevent us from achieving our goals. For example, money and/or recognition are nearly universal motivators because they are widely perceived as indicators and facilitators of success for many, perhaps most people. Whether we call motivational tools â€Å"reinforcement†, â€Å"incentives†, â€Å"drivers†, â€Å"inducements† or by some other quasi-technical name, they only motivate when they are perceived as effective. Conversely, we .avoid conditions that we think will delay, inhibit or prevent the attainment of objectives. (Richard E. Clark1 R. E. 2003) 2.32. MOTIV ATIONAL FACTORS There are several factors that motivate a person to work. The motivational factors can be broadly divided into two groups: (http://managementconsultingcourses.com) I. MONETARY FACTORS: ? Salaries or wages: salaries or wages is one of the most important motivational factors. Reasonable salaries must be paid on time. While fixing salaries the organization must consider such as : †¢ Cost of living ,†¢ Company ability to pay &†¢ Capability of company to pay etc, ? Bonus: It refers to extra payment to employee over and above salary given as an incentive. The employees must be given adequate rate of bonus. Incentives: The organization may also provide additional incentives such as medical allowance, educational allowance, hra ,allowance, etc. ? Special individual incentives: The company may provide special individual incentives. Such incentives are to be given to deserving employees for giving valuable suggestions. II. NON MONETARY FACTORS: ? Status or job title: By providing a higher status or designations the employee must be motivated. Employees prefer and proud of higher designations. ? Appreciation and recognition: Employees must be appreciated for their services. The praise should not come from immediate superior but also from higher authorities. ? Delegation of authority: Delegation of authority motivates a subordinate to perform the tasks with dedication and commitment. When authority is delegated, the subordinate knows that his superior has placed faith and trust in him. III.WORKING CONDITIONS : Provision for better working conditions such as air-conditioned rooms, proper plant layout, proper sanitation, equipment, machines etc, motivates the employees. ? Job security: Guarantee of job security or lack of fear dismissal, etc ? Job enrichment: Job enrichment involves more challenging tasks and responsibilities. For instance an executive who is involved in preparing and presenting reports of performance, may also asked to frame plans. ? Workers participation: Inviting the employee to be a member of quality circle, or a committee, or some other form of employee participation can also motivate the work-force. ? Cordial relations: Good and healthy relations must exist throughout the organization. This would definitely motivates the employees. 2.31 MOTIVATION THEORIES ARE CULTURE BOUND †¢ Note that most theories were developed in the US. Many theories do not always work around the world (e.g., equity theory). However, many do (e.g., having interesting work). Motivation has cultural influence Eastern thinking accepts that in life, both good and bad events will occur. Rather than seeing these misfortunes as a challenge, these problems are seen as potential triumphs. When confronted with obstacles, easterners appear to take on a problem solving approach, seeking to find meaning in the positive and negative that enters their lives. Unlike Western thinking which seeks physical rewards in life, Easterners seek spiritual rewards in the afterlife and attempt to lead a more fulfilling life in doing so . The intrinsic motivation to achieve optimum cognitive functioning is highlighted in Taoism, Buddhism and Hinduism. (Snyder & Lopez, 2007). WESTERN AND EASTERN CULTURE WESTERN CULTURE EASTERN CULTURE Logical and reason-centered, individualistic thinking. A more holistic, idealistic, and group thinking approach to problem solving Viewing work as a necessary burden. Viewing work as a challenging and development activity. The avoidance of risk taking and the feeling of distrust of others. An emphasis on cooperation, trust, and personal concern for other The habit of analyzing things in such great depth that it results in â€Å"paralysis through analysis.† Cooperation built on intuition and pragmatism. An emphasis on control An emphasis on flexibility www.selfdeterminationtheory.org/†¦/2001_DeciRyanGagneLeoneEtal.pd. Motivational concept from western attitude and from eastern attitude. INCENTIVES AND CULTURE Use of financial incentives to motivate employees is very common Countries with high individualism When companies attempt to link compensation to performance Financial incentive systems vary in range Individual incentive-based pay systems in which workers are paid directly for their output Systems in which employees earn individual bonuses based on organizational performance goals MANY CULTURES BASE COMPENSATION ON GROUP MEMBERSHIP Such systems stress equality rather than individual incentive plans An individually based bonus system for the sales representatives in an American MNC introduced in its Danish subsidiary was rejected by the sales force because It favored one group over another Employees felt that everyone should receive the same size bonus Indonesian oil workers rejected a pay-for-performance system where some work teams would make more money than others Workers in many countries are highly motivated by things other than financial rewards The most important rewards in locations at 40 countries of an electrical equipment MNC involved recognition and achievement Second in importance were improvements in the work environment and employment conditions including pay and work hours. MANAGERS EVERYWHERE USE REWARDS TO MOTIVATE THEIR PERSONNEL Some rewards are financial in nature such as salary raises, bonuses, and stock options. Others are non-financial such as feedback and recognition. Significant differences exist between reward systems that work best in one country and those that are most effective in another. WORK CENTRALITY The importance of work in an individual’s life can provide important insights into how to motivate human resources in different cultures Japan has the highest level of work centrality Israel has moderately high levels The United States and Belgium have average levels The Netherlands and Germany have moderately low levels Britain has low levels VALUE OF WORK Work is an important part of most people’s lifestyles due to a variety of conditions Americans and Japanese work long hours because the cost of living is high Most Japanese managers expect their salaried employees who are not paid extra to stay late at work, and overtime has become a requirement of the job There is recent evidence that Japanese workers may do far less work in a business day than outsiders would suspect JOB SATISFACTION EU workers see a strong relationship between how well they do their jobs and the ability to get what they want out of life U.S. workers were not as supportive of this relationship Japanese workers were least likely to see any connection This finding suggest difficulties may arise in American, European, and Japanese employees working together effectively. 2.4 POSITIVE THINKING AND MOTIVATION Motivation avoids clashes and non-cooperation and brings harmony, unity and co-operative outlook among employees. Managers have to work as motivators of their subordinates. For this, effective communication, proper appreciation of work done and positive encouragement are necessary and useful. Motivation is inspiring and encouraging people to work more and contribute for achieving the objectives of the company. The creation of the desire and willingness to perform the job efficiently is known as motivation. positive thinking and motivation influence one another. Not only is this seen physiologically, but it is also witnessed in relation to coping styles, well-being, learned optimism, positive psychology and religious beliefs. Motivation is able to help individuals achieve their goals of changing how they think, improving their mental, physical and everyday functioning as a result. Positive thinking however, can also motivate the individual to achieve their goals. This is highlighted through a person’s coping mechanisms and by their religious beliefs. In conclusion, this chapter has outlined how positive thinking motivates the individual as well as what motivates an individual to think positively in the first place. 2.4 HOW TO DEVELOP POSITIVE TINKING Positive thinking isn’t a natural ability, as for thats why you are here. Positive thinking is a strength, a very useful strength that will help you onto the path of success. With time, and effort, positive thinking will be your own strength, to pretty much open a whole new path to the outlook on  life. Positive thinking is contagious. People around you pick your mental moods and are affected accordingly. Think about happiness, good health and success, and you will cause people to like you and desire to help you, because they enjoy the vibrations that a positive mind emits. Learn more about yourself. A lot of times you’re just limiting yourself and your full capabilities. Try new things and stay active. Staying active and doing things new will help develop positive thinking techniques in your life. Face the things that scare you. Fears have the ability to create doubt in our minds. Doubt leads to negative thinking. Once you start facing the fears in you life, you develop more confidence.( eHow http://www.ehow.com) Associate yourself with people who think positively. Always sit and walk with your back straight. This will strengthen your confidence and inner strength. Walk, swim or engage in some other physical activity. This helps to develop a more positive attitude. 2.5 THE BENEFIT OF POSITIVE THINKING Positive attitude manifests in the following ways: Positive thinking. Constructive thinking. Creative thinking. Optimism. The motivation and energy to do things and accomplish goals. A attitude of happiness. A positive frame of mind helps in a lot of ways, such as: Expecting success and not failure. It makes you feel inspired. It gives you the strength not to give up, if you encounter obstacles on your way. You regard failure and problems as blessings in disguise. Believing in yourself and in your abilities.> You show more self-esteem and confidence. You look for solutions, instead of dwelling on problems. You see and recognize opportunities. The benefits of a positive attitude: This might seem like a repition of the above, but it helps to make this message clearer. It helps you achieve goals and attain success. It brings more happiness into your life. It produces more energy. Positive attitude increases your faith in your abilities, and brings hope for a brighter future. You become able to inspire and motivate yourself and others. You encounter fewer obstacles and difficulties in your daily life. You get more respect and love from other people. Remez Sasson, http://www.successconsciousness.com) IT CAN MAKE YOU MORE RESILIENT Resilience refers to our ability to cope with problems. Resilient people are able to face a crisis or trauma with strength and resolve. Rather than falling apart in the face of such stress, they have the ability to carry on and eventually overcome such adversity POSITIVE THINKERS COPE BETTER WITH STRESS When faced with stressful situations, positive thinkers cope more effectively than pessimists. In one study, researchers found that when optimists encounter a disappointment (such as not getting a job or promotion) they are more likely to focus on things they can do to resolve the situation. POSITIVE THINKING IS GOOD FOR YOUR HEAlth Not only can positive thinking impact your ability to cope with stress and your immunity, it also has an impact on your overall well-being.(kende cherry, http://psychology.about.com/bio/Kendra-Cherry-17268.htm REFERENCE Adam .http://www.teachthemenglish.com/2011/01/10-contemporary-motivation-theories-and-h EL Deci (- ‎2001) ow-they-explain-why-your-students-just-arent-into-it/ Davidmcclelland,http://ozgurzan.com/management/management-theories/theories-a bout- motivation/ EHow , http://www.ehow.com/how_5702659_develop-positive-thinking-techniques.html Richard E. Clark1, http://www.openpolytechnic.ac.nz/study-with-us/study-resources-for-students/goals-and-motivation/strategies-to-increase-your-motivation/ Richard E. Clark1 R. E. 2003) Fostering the work motivation of individuals and teams. Performance Improvement, 42(3), 21- RemezSasso,Wikiversity,Motivation and emotion‎ Remez Sasson, http://www.successconsciousness.com/positive_attitude.htm Scheier, M. F., & Carver C. S. (1993).On the power of positive thinking: the benefits of being optimistic.American Psychological Society, 2, 26-32. doi: 10.1111/14678721.ep10770572 Snyder, C. R. & Lopez, S. J. (2007) Positive psychology the scientific and practical explorations of human strengths. London, UK: Sage. MacLeaod, A. K., & Moore R. (2000). Positive thinking revisited: positive cognitions, well-being and mental health. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 7, 1-10. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0879(200002) kende cherry, http://psychology.about.com/bio/Kendra-Cherry-17268.htm †¦Robbins and Judge, â€Å"Organizational Behavior†, 12th Edition, Pearson Prentice Hall, 2007. D. Jones, â€Å"Firms spend Billions to Fire Up Workers – With Little Luck†, USA Today, May 10, D. Jones, â€Å"Firms spend Billions to Fire Up Workers – With Little Luck†, USA Today, May 10, 2001 T.R. Mitchell, â€Å"Matching Motivational Strategies with Organizational Contexts†, Research in Organizational Behavior, vol. 19, pp 60-62 P.C. Early, P. Wojnaroski, and W. Prest, â€Å"Task Planning and Energy Expended: Explorations of How Goals Influence Performance†, Journal of Applied Psychology, Feb 1987. J. Greenberg and S. Ornstein, â€Å"High Status Job Title as Compensation for Underpayment: A Test of Equity Theory†, Journal of Applied Psychology, May 1983. January 19, 2011 by Adam.http://www.teachthemenglish.com/2011/01/10-contemporary-motivation-theories-and-how-they-explain-why-your-students-just-arent-into-it/

buy custom Ex Post Facto Laws essay

buy custom Ex Post Facto Laws essay There are numerous constitutional limitations that affect criminal laws. On of such limitations is the ex post facto clause. A ex post factor clause is a legal provision that limits the congress from passing an ex post factor law within the American constitution (Gardner Anderson, 2009). This clause restricts the passage of criminal laws in a number of ways. It limits the establishment of any criminal laws that is retroactive, as well as any criminal laws that worsens a criminal act (Rodgers, 2011). This clause also prohibits criminal laws that are aimed at increasing punishment of criminals in a retroactive manner. This clause is also tailored to prohibit the passing of laws that may change rules used in evaluating evidence in criminal courts. The use of ex post facto clause is in line with the aim of the public to reduce the number of laws that are retroactive. The public believes that ex post facto laws affect the rights of the individuals thus a justification towards prohibiting their enactment (Emanuel, 2008). In addition, the public concern over the sentence given to criminal is another reason that has contributed to the prohibiting of laws that are retroactive and classified as ex post facto laws. The public is also focused in reducing the ex post facto laws, which allows legislation to apply to crime conducted before the time of their passage (Lippmann, 2011). The application of the ex post facto clause has both positive and negative outcomes. When the prohibition of ex post facto is done, benefits can be realized through the lack of retroactive judgments that are likely to negatively impact those accused of criminal caes. On the other hand, enforcing prohibition of ex post facto laws can give the accused a upper hand during trial. In addition, the role of congress in shaping criminal laws based on new trends of crime can be hindered because of the influence of the clause that prevents the passage of ex post facto (Emanuel, 2008). Buy custom Ex Post Facto Laws essay

Final exam Review Guide Essays

Final exam Review Guide Essays Final exam Review Guide Essay Final exam Review Guide Essay Cohort: A non-experimental design in which a defined group of people (a cohort) is followed overtime to study outcomes for subsets of the cohorts; also called a prospective design. P. 234 prospective (cohort) designs (studies that begin with a resumed cause and look forward in time for its effect. 2. Randomized controlled (trial): A full experimental test of an intervention, involving random assignment to treatment groups; sometimes, phase Ill of a full clinical trial. Experiments (or randomized controlled trials [Rests]) Involve manipulation (the researcher manipulates the Independent variable by Introducing a treatment or Interventions control (Including use of a control group that Is not given the Intervention and represents the comparative contractually); and randomization or random assignment (with people allocated to experimental and control groups at random to arm groups that are comparable at the outset). P. 232 3. Factorial: (p . 14) experimental designs in which two or more independent variables are simultaneously manipulated, permitting a separate analysis of the main effects of the independent variables and their interaction. Terms (know definition and applicability) Contractually: chi 9 (p. 202) In a research context, a contractually Is what would have happened to the same people exposed to a causal factor If they simultaneously were not exposed to the causal factor. An effect represents the difference between hat actually did happen w ith the exposure and what would have happened without it. : This contractually model is an idealized conception that can never be realized, but it is a good model to keep in mind in designing a study to provide cause-and- effect evidence. Confounding: p. 177 The issue of contaminating factors?called confounding (or extraneous) variables. A variable that is extraneous to the research question and that confounds the relationship between the independent and dependent variables; confounding variables need to be controlled either in the research design or through statistical procedures. Causality: chi 9 (p. 01) cause effect Placebo: chi 9 A placebo or extemporaneously presumed to have no therapeutic value; for example, In studies of the effectiveness of drugs, some patients get the experimental drug and others get an innocuous substance. Placebos are used to to participants. (There can, however, be placebo effects?changes in the dependent variable attributable to the placebo condition?because of participants expectations of benefits or harms). Fa ctorial design: chi 9 (p. 214) When two or more independent variables are manipulated simultaneously and allow researchers to test both main effects and interaction effects. Randomized groups: Hawthorne Effect: p. 216 a placebo-type effect caused by peoples expectations. The term is derived from a set of experiments conducted at the Hawthorne plant of the Western Electric Corporation in which various environmental conditions, such as light and working hours, were varied to test their effects on worker productivity. Regardless of what change was introduced, that is, whether the light was made better or worse, productivity increased. Knowledge of being included in the study (not Just knowledge of being in a particular group) appears to have affected peoples behavior, thus obscuring the effect of the treatment. . Masking: (chi 9 p. 233 ) Blinding (or masking) is sometimes used devoid biases stemming from participants or research agents awareness of group status restudy hypotheses. Single-blind studies involvement of one group (e. G. , participants) amendable-blind studies involve masking of two groups (e. G. ,participants, investigators). 2. Blinding: (same as masking) Also called Masking; Sometimes used to avoid biases stemming from participants or research agents awareness of group status or study hypotheses. . Prospective study: prospective (cohort) signs(studies that begin with a presumed cause and look forward in time for its effect) a. Cause Effect: Chi 9 p. 233 1. Switching replication design: p. 268 Replication studies are direct attempts to see if findings obtained in a study can be duplicated in another study. 2. Time series designs: In a time series design, there is no comparison group; information on the dependent variable is collected over a period of time before and after the intervention. Time series designs are often used in single-subject (N-of-l) experiments. 3. Nonequivalent control group pretest-posters: The nonequivalent intro group pretest-posters design involves using a normalized comparison group and the collection of pre-treatment data so that initial group equivalence can be assessed. 4. Quasi-experimental: Quasi-experimental designs (controlled trials without randomization) involve an intervention but lack randomization. Strong quasi- experimental designs include features in support of causal inferences. 5. ) After-only (posters-only) design: An experimental design in which data are collected from subjects only after the intervention has been introduced; also called an after-only design. ) Before-after (pretest-posters) design: An experimental design in which data are collected from subjects both before and after introducing an intervention; also called a before-after design. O Pretest-posters Design: chi 9 p. 233 A posters-only (or after-only)design invol ves collecting data only after an intervention. In a pretest-posters(or before-after) design, data are collected both before and after the intervention, permitting an analysis of change. ) Factorial design: An experimental design in which two or more independent variables are independent variables and their interaction. D) Crossover (repeated measures) sign : An experimental design in which one group of subjects is exposed to more than one condition or treatment, preferably in random order. 6. Manipulation (of Variable) : p. 203 factorial design p. 234 chi 1. Correlations Study: describe how phenomena are interrelated without invoking causal explanations. 2. Inebriate descriptive study: examine the frequency or average value of variables. 3. Cohort Study: prospective (cohort) designs studies that begin with a presumed cause and look forward in time for its effect. 4. Path Analysis: which test causal models developed on the basis of theory 5. Triangulation (in qualitative studies) : The use of multiple methods to collect and interpret data about a phenomenon, so as to converge on an accurate representation of reality. Types of correlation studies: p. 224 Although correlation studies are inherently weaker than experimental studies in elucidating cause on page 232 Case control: (see below) Retrospective: p. 224 Also called Case-Control designs; Begin with the outcome ND look back in time for antecedent causes of saneness by comparing cases that Prospective: Also called Cohort designs; Studies that begin with a presumed cause and look forward in time for its effect. Crossover: When people are exposed to more than one experimental condition, administered in a randomized order, and thus serve as their own controls. CHAPTER p. 236-256 Rigor and Validity in Quantitative Research Limitations of research designs (quantitative): p. 216 see CHI 10 PPTP Controlling Intrinsic Source of Confounding Variability p. 237 CHI 10 1. Stratification: chi 9 10th division of a sample off population into smaller units e. G. , males and females), typically to enhance representatives or to explore results for subgroups of people; used in both sampling and in allocation to treatment groups. (238) 2. Randomization: chi 9 10 p. 237 The researcher assigns participants too control or experimental condition on a random basis. E most effective method of controlling individual characteristics. The primary function of randomization is to secure comparable groups?that is, to equalize groups with respect to confounding variables. 3. Crossover design: (p. 215) A crossover design involves exposing the same people to more than one condition. This type of within-subjects design has the advantage of ensuring the highest possib le equivalence among participants exposed to different conditions?the groups being compared are equal with respect to age, weight, health, and so on because they are composed of the same people. . Matching: (p. 238) Matching (also called pair matching) involves using information What is the best approach to help control extraneous variables? P. 2550 The issue of contaminating factors?called confounding (or extraneous) variables o The best control method is randomization to treatment conditions, which effectively intros all confounding variables?especially within the context of a crossover design. Four types of validity that affect the rigor of a quantitative study. Know types. CHI 10 1. Statistical conclusion validity: Statistical conclusion validity concerns the validity of inferences that there is an empirical relationship between variables (most often ,the presumed cause and the effect). 2. Internal validity: p. 255 Internal validity concerns inferences that out-comes were caused by the independent variable, rather than by factors extraneous to the research. Threats to internal validity include: p. 236 chi 10 1. Emperor ambiguity (lack of clarity about whether the pre-summed cause preceded the outcome), 2. Election (preexisting group differences), 3. History (the occurrence of events external to an independent variable that could affect outcomes), 4. Maturation (changes resulting from the passage of time), 5. Mortality (effects attributable to attrition), 6. Testing (effects of a pretest), 7. Instrumentation (changes in the way data are gathered). Internal validity can be enhanced through Judicious design decisions, but can also be addressed analytically (e. G. , through an analysis of selection or attrition biases). When people withdraw from study, an intention-to-treat analysis (analyzing outcomes for all people in their original treatment conditions) is preferred to a per- protocol analysis (analyzing outcomes only for those who received the full treatment as assigned) for maintaining the integrity of randomization. 3. Construct validity: p. 255 concerns inferences from the particular exemplars of a study (e. G. , the specific treatments, outcomes, people, and settings) to the higher-order constructs that they are intended to represent. The first step in fostering construct validity is a careful explication of those constructs. Threats to construct validity can occur if the personalization of a construct fails to incorporate all of the relevant characteristics of the construct or if it includes extraneous content. Examples of such threats include subject reactivity, researcher expectancies, novelty effects, compensatory effects, and treatment diffusion. 4. External validity- concerns whether inferences about observed relationships will hold over variations in persons, setting, time, or measures of the outcomes. External validity, then, is about the generalization of causal inferences, and this is a critical once for research that aims to yield evidence for evidence-based nursing practice. External validity can be enhanced by selecting representative people, settings, and When is a study internally valid? Study validity concerns the extent to which appropriate inferences can be made. Threats to validity are reasons that an inference could be wrong. A key function of quantitative research design is to rule out validity threats by exercising various types of control. Control over confounding participant characteristics is key to managing many validity threats. The best control method is randomization to retirement conditions, which effectively controls all confounding variables?especially within the context of a crossover design. CHAPTER 20: p. 487-514 Qualitative Research Design and Approaches CHI 20: Qualitative research traditions have their roots in: (p. 489) 1. Ethnocentric (roots Anthropology)- focuses on the culture of a group of people and relies on extensive fieldwork that usually includes participant observation and in-depth interviews with key informants. Ethan-graphs strive to acquire an mimic (insiders) perspective of a culture rather than antic (outsiders) perspective. 2. Ethnomusicology (roots Sociology): seeks to discover how people make sense of their everyday activities and interpret their social worlds, so as to behave in socially acceptable ways. Within this tradition, researchers attempt to understand a social groups norms and assumptions that are so deeply ingrained that immerse no longer think about the underlying reasons for their behaviors. 3. Hermeneutics (allied with Phenomenology): focuses on interpreting the meaning of experiences, rather than just describing them. Types of grounded theory studies: (p. 498) Grounded theory aims to discover theoretical precepts grounded in the data. Grounded theory researchers try to account for peoples actions by focusing on the main concern that the behavior is designed to resolve. 1. Substantive theory is grounded in data on a specific substantive area, such as postpartum depression. It can serve as a springboard for- 2. Formal grounded theory, which is at a higher level of conceptualization and is abstract of time, place, and persons. The goal of formal grounded theory is not to discover a new core variable but to develop a theory that goes beyond the substantive grounded theory and extends the general implications of the core variable. . Charismas constructivist grounded theory has emerged as a method to emphasize interpretive aspects in which the grounded theory is constructed from shared experiences and relationships between the researcher and study participants. O Qualitative description: p. 505 qualitative description is perhaps viewed as a distributed residual category'(p. 82) that signals a confederacy of diverse qualitative inquirers. CHI 21 sampling in Qualitative Research: 1. Sampling Plan: The formal plan specifying a sampling method, a sample size, and procedures for recruiting subjects. 2. Data Saturation: The collection of qualitative data to the point where a sense of closure is attained because new data yield redundant information. 3. Transferability: (p. 530) The extent to which qualitative findings can be transferred to other settings or groups; one of several models of generalization. 4. Reflexivity: In qualitative studies, critical self-reflection about ones own biases, preferences, and preconceptions. 5. Descriptive correlation: 6. Triangulation: The use of multiple methods to collect and interpret data about a phenomenon, so as to con-verge on an accurate representation of reality. . Patient- centered intervention: An intervention tailored to meet individual needs or characteristics. Use of Analysis of covariance for statistical control p. 443 Controlling confounding variables. Various approaches can be used to control confounding variables, many of which require measuring those variables. For example, for analysis of covariance, variables that are statistically controlled must be measured. P. 255 When randomization is not possible, other control methods include statistical control to remove the effect of a confounding variable statistically (e. G. , through analysis of covariance). Statistical power refers to the ability to detect true relationships among variables. Adequate statistical power can be achieved in various ways, the most straightforward of which is to use a sufficientl y large sample. When small samples are used, statistical power tends to be low, and the analyses may fail to show that the independent and dependent variables are related?even when they are. Another aspect of a powerful design concerns how the independent variable is defined. Typical sample size in qualitative study: (for various types of studies I. E. Phenomenology, grounded theory) p. 529 1. Ethnographers make numerous impaling decisions, including not only whom to sample, but also what to sample (e. G. , activities, events, documents, artifacts); decision making is often aided by their key informants who serve as guides and interpreters of the culture. 2. Phenomenological typically work with a small sample of people (10 or fewer) who meet the criterion of having lived the experience under study. . Grounded theory researchers typically use theoretical sampling in which sampling decisions are guided in an ongoing fashion by the emerging theory. Samples of about 20 to 30 people are typical in grounded theory studies. Typical sample size in grounded theory (see above) Types of Samples: 1. Convenience; p. 2761529 qualitative Convenience sampling entails using the most conv eniently available people as participants. A faculty member who distributes questionnaires to nursing students in a class is using a convenience sample. The nurse who conducts a study of teenage risk taking at a local high school is also relying on a convenience sample. The problem with convenience sampling is that those who are available might be a typical of the population with regard to critical variables. Weakest form of sampling 1. . Snowball: (p. 276/ 516) also called network sampling or chain sampling- is a variant of convenience sampling. With this approach, early sample members (called seeds) are asked to refer other people whom et the eligibility criteria. This sampling method is often used when the population is people with characteristics who might otherwise be difficult to identify (e. G. , people who are afraid of hospitals). Snowballing begins with a few eligible participants and then continues on the basis of participant referrals. 3. Purposive / Purposeful : (279) or Judgmental sampling uses researchers knowledge about the population to select sample members. Researchers might decide purposely to select people who are Judged to be typical of the population or particularly knowledgeable about the issues under study. 4. Responding to numerous criticisms and to their own evolving conceptualizations, a fifth criterion that is more distinctively within the constructivist paradigm was added: authenticity (Cuba Lincoln,1994). What is credibility in the- framework of quality criteria? P. 599 which refers to confidence in the truth value of the findings, is sometimes said to be the qualitative equivalent of internal validity. to the extent to which researchers fairly and faithfully show a range of different realities and convey the feeling tone of lives as they are lived.

Sponsorship Component Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Sponsorship Component - Essay Example Sponsorship is considered as a business partnership between the sponsor and the sponsee. The both parties (sponsor and sponsee) have to add value to each other. The association between them will increase the brand value. That’s why sports organization must fulfill the satisfaction of marketing needs of sponsors, which can be done thru the help of brand or property that controlled or owned by the sports organization. If a sport organization gets a potential sponsor, then it will help to increase the brand position. Even more, it will increase the target audience and employment engagement. To selling a sponsorship to a sports organization, it requires to understand the prospective partners. Even more, it is important to understand the role of corporate marketing. Corporate marketing has two major keys, first one is to develop the brand and second one is to magnify the marketing to increase sales. After singing the contact between both parties, it should be ensured that every detail which have been made in contract are fulfilling by both parties. An average sponsorship bundle may include; the sponsor purchasing different rights including occasion title or class rights, signage rights, rights to particular designated tokens and logos, rights to utilize the expression "authority," rights to particular occasion promoting, advancements, and distribution considerations, and certain first-alternative rights. The particular rights fluctuate as per the size and nature of the occasion and the specifics of the agreement.

Modern Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Modern Philosophy - Essay Example Leibnitz seeks to avoid the pure isolation of the mind from the body as in the case of Descartes. Monads are established as the most simple substance of which there are no parts or extensions (paragraphs 1 and 2). In paragraph 6 "monads have no windows" and hence are self-existing in a way. Leibnitz must explain what he means. Monads are different from each other because it is impossible for there to be the same thing in nature or else one thing would not be "discernible form another", things or monads must have an "internal difference" (p. 9). These differences are created from internal causes (p. 11). It is these internal causes which can make something that is itself, different or cause it to change and appear different. We are aware of our perceptions of these things, or of the thing that is undergoing change. Descartes was mistaken not to treat perception as a way of giving us what a thing and its changes are. Hence Descartes was left with the mind and or consciousness standing by itself. Leibnitz explains that perception represents "a multiplicity in the unit" of the simple substance. This is his way of saying that the mind cannot be separated from consciousness of the body. At paragraph 17, Leibnitz says that "...perception and that which depends upon it are inexplicable on mechanical grounds." That which recognizes substance and its various attributes cannot be based on the "figures and motions", or logic. Leibnitz in 15 has explained that it is Appetition or desire which is able to move from one perception to its wholeness or to new perceptions. If one were to move from the mind to the body, it would take not mere thought, but "Appetition or desire" to place these two together as a collective unit. Monads, as simple substances, are immaterial and have no extension. Yet they have their own perspective and something gives them extension and purpose. They have a certain self-sufficiency based on their internal activities. In paragraph 19 Leibnitz says tha t perception could allow simple substances to have souls, but that this is not possible unless perception is accompanied by memory. Mind gives monads or simple substances extension, purpose and identity. Whereas Descartes would say there is mind without body, Liebnitz would argue that there can be no mind without body. Mind and body are both monads, but the point is that it is the mind which is able to recognize the perception of the body or a rock outside the body with extension and secondary qualities such as color and taste. Humans are able to think empirically, such that there will be "daylight tomorrow." This is evidence the rational ability that humans have, and the knowledge of necessary and eternal truths that give us Reason and distinguishes us from animals (p. 29). Truth derives from the two great principles of contradiction (p. 31), and of sufficient reason (p. 32). These both refer to the two kinds of truths, reasoning is based on the principle of contradiction, and deal s with necessary truths that are found by analysis, such as in mathematics. The principle of sufficient reason allows for contingent truths, or truths based on fact (p. 36). By establishing the concept of simple substances first, Liebnitz is able to move the concept of self-identity as a truth. There cannot be substance with the mind's perception of it. Even the mind has